 Field signs. It is very similar to the Blackheads gaichku, but the cap longer reaches back and a brown, with metallic shades. Moreover, kept in other biotopes, preferring coniferous forests. Well different voice: pozyvka - tsiee-tsiyee "or" dzee -dzee, occasionally publishes short and frequent "Click-tsiii-tion." Pesenka male - short and hard (Syroechkovsky, Rogacheva, 1980).
Distribution. The largest of the tit Central Siberia. Bird coniferous and mixed taiga, found to the north and in the mountains to the forest vegetation (Rogacheva, 1988). Numerous species of coniferous and mixed forests and forest plots Minusinsk depression. Throughout recorded in the West and East Sayan as large, less normal forest bird. For the Sayano-reserve refers Shushenskogo as numerous species of forest belts West Sayan (Sokolov et al, 1983 ; Petrov, Rudkovsktsy, 1985). In the basin of the river. Big Ury puhlyak - the first in the number of species of all types of forests on the slopes (29-34 individuals / km 2) and most types of mountain-lowland forests (47-98 animals / km 2) (Prokofiev, 1987a). In podtayge Basin Greater Kemchuga typical (4,6-4,8 individuals / km 2), many only in the dark woods (12.6 individuals / km 2) (Naumov, 1960). In the basin of the river. Kem many in the dark and mixed forests (Kim, 1959), in the river basin. Floodplain maximal strength: the spruce-fir forests - 48, in the pine forests and wetland floodplain forests - 34 individuals / km 2 is typical of birch and birch chopping lesopolya ( 2-8 individuals / km 2) (Ravkin et al, 1987). In the southern taiga in the Yenisey - the most numerous species of birds, which dominates the nepoymennyh all types of forests throughout the summer, the density of nesting in the dark taiga and pine forests around 30-50 individuals / km 2 in hvoyno-deciduous forests - 20-30, in lesolugovoy floodplain - No more than 6-7 individuals / km 2 (Bursky, Vakhrushev, 1983). In the lower Priangare very numerous in the pine forests (104-112 individuals / km 2), many of mixed taiga (80-96) and small-leaf forests (16-20 animals / km 2) (Vladyshevsky, 1975, 1980; Vladyshevsky, Shaparev, 1976). At the district. Chune strength was highest in dark taiga and lesobolotnyh sets of woods consists of pineries (119-142 individuals / km 2), in the remaining forests puhlyak been numerous (34-96 animals / km 2) (Ravkin, 1984). In the middle taiga in the Yenisey mass nesting and migrant species remaining in the middle taiga and the winter (mostly in the flood plain Yenisei). It occurs everywhere during the fall migrations in the villages. In the 1 st half of June the number of puhlyaka everywhere 2-4 times higher than during the nesting, but at 5-10 times lower than that poslegnezdovyh during kochevok. In early June, 1974: City puhlyaka strength in the taiga from the Peace at 20-30 on slash areas - up to 57 individuals / km 2. June 12-13, it was reduced to a nested level (12 individuals per 1 km 2 combined). The highest in the sub number is marked on the right Yenisei: in the dark taiga spurs Yenisei edge of the Vorogova (58 animals / km 2), and riverine fir groves at the mouth of Sub-stone Tunguska (21) and slash areas around the Peace (68 species) (Rogacheva and et al, 1978). In the middle taiga Evenkia is typical, many places. In the northern taiga on the Yenisey in gnezdovoe time is typical only places in the dark taiga (3 specimens / km 2), in mid-July start kochevki and strength by the end of August, gradually increasing to 14 times (Rogacheva, Vakhrushev, 1983). In Central Evenkia in the lower reaches of the river. Kochechum (64 ° 30 'N) puhlyak to nesting common in the riverine listvennichnikah (6 individuals / km 2) and on the outskirts of Tours (2 specimens / km 2), in other types of rare listvennichnikov (Vakhrushev, Vahrusheva, 1987: Puzachenko, 1968). Rarely in the vicinity of Lake. Essey (extreme northern taiga, 68 ° 30 'N). Rarely, but meets regularly in the extreme northern taiga from Norilsk Lakes (Krechmar, 1966). In the mountains Putorana was also the nesting VA Zyryanovym and V. Larin (1983). Very rarely breeds in the far northern taiga in the upper Turuhana. In the forest on the Yenisey very rare, but traced to 69 ° N (Nikolsky, a typical forest). In the southern forest upper Turuhana puhlyaki often fall on kochevkah sometimes may occur in summer (Rogacheva et al, 1987). In sub - bush tundra known zalet: 17 June, 1962 puhlyakov couple met about polar art. Cross River estuary. Dudypty (Krechmar, 1966). Habitats. Netrebovatelny It is habitat to live in coniferous, deciduous and mixed forests are very different nature, preferring to swamp floodplain forests (Ryabitsev, 2001). Phenology. The first spring trill in the "pillars" - February 10, sletki - at the beginning of July (Krutovskaya, 1958). Reproduction. Nests in hollows, usually very low from the ground, often in the hollows of old stumps or oblomannyh trees with soft rotten wood. Excavation hollow female takes from 8 to 25 days. Letka 25-35 mm diameter, hollow depth of 100 -- 200 mm. The framework consists of a nest of wood pieces, wood fiber, less of moss and wool; litter - of wool, sometimes with some feathers and the Web. Often, the litter does not (Mikheyev, 1996). In laying of 3 to 11, often 6-8 eggs, white with red-brown spotted small, scattered throughout yaytsu or more of the blunt end. The size of eggs 14-18 x 11-13 mm. Nasizhivaet only female, starting with otkladki last or the penultimate eggs. Male is a female food, but little more, it kormitsya itself. A nest trusting, quickly accustomed to humans and many couples allow observation of several steps without special shelters. The young vyluplyayutsya after 13-16 (usually - 14) days of incubation, they are rare burovato gray fluff on the head and back, mouth yellow or brownish-yellow, klyuvnye roller pale yellow. Parents feed them in the nest of 18 to 21 days and about 2 weeks after the departure (Ryabitsev, 2001). Nutrition. Summer food and young adults consists of insects, including such minor as tli of spiders and their cocoons as well as worms and small clams. Eat seeds and softwood, and even skarmlivayut their young. In the winter menu, too, insects and spiders , Various larvae, pupae, and even eggs (including aphids), which gaichki wanted in their winter shelters in the trunks, branches and needles of trees. Eat well as the seeds of coniferous and many other plants. Arrange a large number of small ( typically - for only semyachku one) caches in schelyah crust under the tree lichens and other recess, including surface forest litter. Zapasaniem involved in the whole year, incidentally eat some stores, and some - perepryatyvaya. It was surprising that the bird remembers the many stores (Ryabitsev, 2001). References. |
