 Field signs. Kryakva (local name in the northern part of the Krasnoyarsk territory - "drake") - one of the most extensive and important in the hunting of ducks province. Major duck, male weight 1,0-1,3 kg in spring, fall to 1.7 kg. A male black with a greenish otlivom head, chestnut and black nadhvoste goiter. Typical signs: yellow or yellow-green beak, orange legs, often burovato-orange, blue mirror, a female bill pinkish with dark center. Male in the summer transfer is similar to the female, but beak yellow-green. A flying birds are clearly visible white stripes on the wing. Rise and noisy flight. The voice - soft quack like a duck home. In spring Seleznev (males) produce a high, but the throaty whistle (Syroechkovsky, Rogacheva, 1980).
 Distribution. Widespread krugoborealny species inhabiting the waters of forest zone in the south falls in forest and steppe. In Central Siberia, the most typical of the southern half of the taiga zone podtaygi, forest and sepi, breeds and the mountain waters south of Central Siberia. In srednetaezhnoy subzone still quite usual in the northern taiga and rare breeds only in places. By Yenisei is nesting north to the polar circle (Kureyka). This is the most northern point of nesting wild duck in central Siberia. Here and everywhere in the extreme northern taiga, it is very rare. Within the sub northern taiga holds largely Yenisey floodplain and lower its main tributaries. At a depth of the left in the extreme northern taiga (north Turuhana) for nesting is not known. At the northern edge of the area bands in the area of Soviet lakes, just fall. At Turuhane as a very rare nesting species recorded in the lower reaches of the river near Farkova (Rogacheva, Vakhrushev, 1983; Rogacheva et al, 1987). In Evenkia nest on the Lower Tunguska and a few north of the river, but did not go to the north as far as the Yenisey. To the north of the Lower Tunguska might nest in the area Ekondy, where it is well known to local hunters (Martynov, 1983). At the nearby Vilyue in Yakutia is to the north to about 64 ° N (Andreev, 1974).
North described the border clustered range is not uncommon zalety quack. Zalety known (mainly in autumn and spring) to the village. Nikolskoye in the Yenisey (69 ° N, a typical forest), to the village. Karaul at the mouth of Yenisei (sub-bush tundra), to the village. Soviet river upstream Turuhana at Lake. Essey in North Evenkia, on the river. Hetu. The most northern meeting - near Dixon - notes AS Martynov (1983). In the area of forest-tundra nesting is not known. Not Found mallard and Hantayskom Lake and other lakes Norilsk (Rogacheva, 1988).  In the middle and northern taiga mallard selitsya almost exclusively in the valleys of large rivers, are largely flood plain water and forming as a band type settlement. In the southern taiga, it becomes greater. At Chadobtse (inflow Angara), the northern limits of the southern boreal forest, wild duck normal, but the type of settlements and there is tape (Reymers, 1966). More typical mallard for podtaygi, lesolugovogo forest and steppe landscape and ponds, where the number of ducks is not undermined by shooting. This type of settlement loses tape, in accordance with pestrotoy landscapes: live poultry sporadichno - wherever there are suitable reservoirs (Rogacheva, 1988).
Phenology. Priletayut mallard ducks before all others: by Atlanta in mid-April, sometimes a little earlier - April 8-11 (Krutovskaya, 1958). In Turuhansky Region (Peace) mallard priletayut in early May, ie 15-20 days prior to the ice at the Yenisey. The oldest arrival for the 1969-1975 biennium. marked in late April. The massive passage is the latest in 12-18 May. At the Arctic Circle, on the Yenisey appear in mid-May - more than a month after the arrival of Krasnoyarsk (Syroechkovsky, Rogacheva, 1980). In summer, adults mallard line. Males begin to moult earlier - when the female finally sit down at the eggs. Females molt, when they vyvodki rise to the wing - in August. Linka lasts about two months, during a friendly fallout makhovaya bird feathers at 20-25 days loses the ability to fly. Molting takes place in the deaf, hard ground (Syroechkovsky, Rogacheva, 1980). Because of Turuhanska mallard fly off in mid-September. Under the Krasnoyarsk departure ends a month later and even the 25-27 October (Krutovskaya, 1958). Fly ends with the freezing of lakes (Syroechkovsky, Rogacheva, 1980).  Reproduction. Razmnozhatsya begins at the age of one year, but remains part of yearling Single. The widespread view of polygamy ducks, including wild duck is untrue. Ducks are connected to stable couples for wintering, although this does not entail the collapse of the flocks. Couples sometimes persist for several years. Spring fights between males due to the presence of unmarried male birds or protection of its cluster territory. Seleznev spring females are strange, but it does not lead to the disintegration of a pair. In building a nest males do not participate. Overgrown nest on lakes and staritsam. Jacks comfortable shelter near the water in the grass under the bushes, brushwood. Sometimes, making nests in the trees, in old nests of crows and other large birds and hollows open wide entrance. In the wet ground duck coach for the nest big pile of stalks and leaves. Tray lining down, which then closes the eggs when off the nest. Masonry under Turuhanskom in mid-June. In laying 7-12 eggs whites, lightly olive shades, which then disappears. Mallard postpones the day of one yaytsu, usually at night. Term nasizhivaniya - 26 days. All the chicks are displayed during the 10-14 hours. In the first period off a duck nest easily, usually morning and evening - for feeding. By the end of nasizhivaniya sits very tightly. At obsyhanie chicks takes 2-3 hours. Brood leaves the nest after 12-16 hours after the first hatching chicks. By this time the chicks are able to move quickly on land, swim, dive and produce fodder. Nyryayut chicks very well, adult ducks - rarely and reluctantly. At the age of five weeks samochki starting to quack, until all the chicks just pischat. In pyatidesyatidnevnom aged chicks are beginning podletyvat (Syroechkovsky, Rogacheva, 1980).
 A large number of chicks and eggs are killed by multiple enemies: crows, large gulls, foxes. By the fall of vyvodkah normally be no more than three or four chicks (Syroechkovsky, Rogacheva, 1980).
Mallard - patriarch of most breeds of domestic ducks and very easy to domesticate. At Vilyue recorded cases of breeding mallard and pintail. Hybrids that are mixed signs, no progeny (Syroechkovsky, Rogacheva, 1980). Nutrition.'s Depth quack does not feed. Meals mallard equally composed of plant and animal fodder. Food produce at depths of 30-35 cm (Syroechkovsky, Rogacheva, 1980). The number of wild duck in the Krasnoyarsk region, to assess AS Martynov (1983), 430 thousand, the current state of the population stable. As the number of wild duck, took ninth place among all the ducks in Central Siberia, including tundra, boreal and among ducks - the sixth, yielding cristate black, sviyazi, Teal, Chirkov-svistunku and Gogol. In the northern subzone, and an average taiga estimated A. Martynov (1983) (with our amended), home to about 10% of wild duck populations boundary. At yuzhnotaezhnye, podtaezhnye, forest and lesolugovye habitat accounts for about 90% and steppe - about 1%. In our assessment, from 10% of the population of mallard northern half of their fringe range 2-3% falls on the northern taiga (along with the extreme northern taiga) and about 7-8% - at srednetaezhnuyu subzones. The maximum density clustered wild duck populations in the province are in Pool middle Chulyma, average Priangare and Kansk-Achinsk forest. In Khakassia many wild duck is going to molt, part krasnoyarskih birds seem to fly away to molt, even in Northern Mongolia (Martynov, 1983, etc.). Overall, the number of wild duck in the province over the past decade has declined. This is evident when comparing data PP Sushkina and AJ Tugarinova contemporary. The high number of wild duck is now preserved only where there is almost no photos, blank land in floodplains, of course, only in the southern half of the edge - not the north of the southern taiga. There are very few places left, even in the boreal regions, associated with the rapid development of boat-motor transport, through which almost all the rivers, even small (spring) have become readily available. Less available watershed area, but there remained wild duck was very little. Reducing the number of mallard almost all states and southern (Prokofiev, 1984, etc.), and for the northern region (Syroechkovsky, Rogacheva, 1980; Rogacheva, 1988). References. |
