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Family accipitral Of accipitridae |
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Sea-eagle -[belokhvost] Haliaeetus of albicilla L., 1758 Name of view of other languages
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Field signs. The very large bird (larger than the golden eagle), similar to the eagle, but less adroit and is agile, with the wide and long wings. The mass of males to 4 kgf, females to 6,5 kgf, spread it is wing 2-2,5 m. from eagles it differs in terms of the short wedge-shaped white tail (in adult birds), massive beak and finless bobbin. Painting monotonous- is brown, bottom somewhat brighter; head and neck bright. Young dark-brown, with the bright figure on the spin, bottom with the speckles; tail and the beak dark. The beak and the paws are yellow in adult. Flight is heavier than in eagles. Very careful bird, that badly reconciles itself on the nesting place with the presence of people. It usually catches output from the low flight or it is on the watch, sitting on the tree or the cliff. Voice - [layushchee] or croaking [kra]-[kra]-[kra] , is thinner frequent - cue-cue- cue ([Syroechkovskiy], [Rogacheva], 1995).
In the central-taiga Yenisey by places the sea-eagle - usual being nested bird, is known its nesting on the inflows r. of the Yenisey. Regularly it nests in the lower reaches of the river r. of the dry Of [eloguy], it is encountered on r. Of [sarchikha], in the lower reaches of the river r. large [Varlamovka], long-standing nests are known north and south of sett. peaceful. Young sea-eagle is encountered on r. the Yenisey in [Komsinskogo] it is. Here were noted the groups of the being fed birds, among which there were young ([Syroechkovskiy] and other, 1988). It nests along the rivers Of [sikosyan] and [Kotuy] (Chernikov, 1988). To the south from the taiga zone, where the economic mastery of territory sea-eagle was great, before disseminated almost everywhere, now its number considerably was reduced. It was noted in 1989. in the summer-autumn time on the migrations near the lakes of Minusinsk basin and on by Krasnoyarsk reservoir. In the valley r. black [Iyus] in the environments Lake. [Oshkol] is discovered nest, and near s. Of [kogunek] ([Iyusskaya] wooded plain) there was the attempt of the birds to nest (Prokofiev 1987; Prokofiev, [Kustov], 1988). Adult sea-eagle fell into the trap of hunter in s. Of the [tanzybey] of Yermak region in September 1978. In 1976 and 1978 yr. sea-eagles saw on The [migninskom] reservoir not far from the sett. Yermak. Is encountered sea-eagle -[belokhvost] on the open terraces r. of the Yenisey, in mountain lakes and rivers, in the territory of the Yenisey part of Western [Sayana] (Petrov, [Rudkovskiy], 1985). It was encountered in the lower reaches of the river r. Of [kazyra] in s. Of [gulyaevka] (Kim, 1988), in the mouth r. Of [kinzelyuka] the right tributary r. Of [kizira] ([Syroechkovskiy] and other, 2000).
Phenology. They arrive flying early: in the south at the end of March - beginning of April, in the average taiga on r. the Yenisey - on April 10 to 15, in Norilsk they appear in the beginning of May. In the floodlands r. boards -[Khem] ([Tuva]) in the nest, found by us on May 22, 1987 ; was located 5-6- day nestling in the first downy detail. In the southern regions of region the laying, which consists of 1-2 eggs, is found at the end April, in the middle of May are noted downy nestlings (Savchenko and other, 1986; Baranov, 1991). Young in [Sayanakh] were encountered at the beginning of August. In June, in August the nestlings begin to fly in the Noril'sk lakes of laying. Flying away at the end of September - beginning of October ([Syroechkovskiy], [Rogacheva], 1995). Multiplication. The jack sections of sea-eagles are constant, and one and the same nest is used many years. Usually in sea-eagles there is several nests, and birds occupy them alternately ([Syroechkovskiy] and other, 2000). Nest of sea-eagle - immense massive building with the height of [do]1,5-2 of m and the same diameter. Laying - usually 2, it is rare 1-3 white eggs, sometimes with the pale ocherous spots. Duration of hatching somewhat more than month ([Syroechkovskiy], [Rogacheva], 1995). Nourishment. Sea-eagle - poly-phage, but the basis of its nourishment almost entire year is fish. Its frequent output - weakened or sick planktonic birds (including geese) and [teterevinye]. It at a convenient time eats up young hares, gophers, lemmings, even dogs and small fawns. From the fishes of the frequent of the outputs of sea-eagles there are the pike, burbot, perch. It can attack also the very large fishes (pike, huchens) with weight to 20 kgf and more, which sometimes it cannot manage. Usual fish in its output has a weight to 2-4 kg. it attacks the nestlings and the young birds; adult large birds usually depart from this strong, but not very adroit predator. It frequently selects [podrankov], carrion, eats up repulsions in the stands of fishermen ([Syroechkovskiy], [Rogacheva], 1995). At the beginning 1956 g. in the Yenisey forest-tundra transition area in Nicol (69° N) on the Yenisey islands following the beginning of the concentration of transient of those be planktonicing in the large number appeared the sea-eagles. Simultaneously it was possible to see 6-7 birds, that were distributed on [odnoy]-[dve] to the island. Birds sat on [sushinakh], they were very careful. During the hunting of local residents the geese the sea-eagles with lightning speed selected [podrankov] and ate them here, on [sushinakh], having only a little flown away into side ([Rogacheva] and others, 1983). In the average Yenisey taiga, on r. Of [sarchikha], according to the data of Solovyev's hunter [G].[A]., the sea-eagles frequently and successfully hunt on lag bolts, especially in autumn on the riverside pebbles ([Syroechkovskiy], [Rogacheva], 1995). Number. In the taiga and [maloposeshchaemoy] by people of the part of the edge the sea-eagle is relatively usual. The maximum density of nesting is noted in the Yenisey northern taiga (r. Of [pakulikha]). In 1908. it composed 1 habitable nest on 17 km of the bed of river ([Tugarinov], [Buturlin], 1911). At present the number of sea-eagles is maximum in the strip of the extreme northern taiga, where many rich in fish reservoirs, and territories less they are mastered by man. Sea-eagles are usual in the sources r. Of [vilyuya], in The [surindinskaya] lake basin, where they nest almost in all large lakes (Andreev, 1974). In Lake. Salmon sea-eagles nested at a distance 10-20 km from each other ([Krechmar], 1966), in The [khantayskoe] lake and in its environments it was noted 8-10 pairs, in this case their nests were located at a distance by 30-40 km from each other ([Syroechkovskiy], 1961). In the region sett. [Angutikha] was noted by 3 being nested pairs, but distance from the nest to the nest comprised not more than 15 km ([Rogacheva], [Vakhrushev], 1983). In the Yenisey northern taiga on the route 160 km from the sett. Of [komsa] to s. [Verkhneimbatskoe] was encountered 8 sea-eagles. It is more on the lateral creeks of sea-eagles. Thus, on r. To [sarchikhe] on 130-140 km of the bed of river nested 3-4 pairs ([Syroechkovskiy], [Rogacheva], 1995). On r. underground Tungus from the sett. [Baykit] to the sett. of the Ust'- Kamas (about 200 km) was encountered only one sea-eagle. On r. of the Kamas from the mouth to the fall into it r. [Tokhomo] (80 km) was held the pair of sea-eagles, from the mouth r. [Tokhomo] to the upper reaches r. Of [zelendukon] - pair and single bird. In the southern taiga on r. the Yenisey the sea-eagle barely is encountered, it is rare, also, on the inflows in the Yenisey part. Its number noticeably grows with the removal from the bed of this main river. Thus, on r. To [symu] sea-eagle -[belokhvost] becomes comparatively usual from the trading station [Sym], and higher than new settlement Of [staroverovskoy] the density of its nesting in the individual sections reaches 5-6 pairs on 100 km of the river bed of river (Savchenko and others, 2001). It is encountered on the Angara River, but the number of it here substantially was reduced ([Syroechkovskiy], [Rogacheva], 1995). It is rare on the Sayan rivers and the lakes, where the density does not exceed 0,4 pairs on 100 km of the bed of river. In the southern regions of edge, most mastered by man, it disappeared completely ([Syroechkovskiy] and other, 2000). Limiting factors. Presence of high vegetation (rock formations or coast breaks in the northern part of the area) near the rich in fish reservoirs - main limiting factor of the territorial arrangement of sea-eagle -[belokhvosta]. Specifically, such places are subjected to intensive mastery by man (cutting down of high trees, fish trade, the place of leisure, mass tourism, the pollution of reservoirs), which leads to the displacement of this form by man and a reduction in his number. Sea-eagle -[belokhvost] is extremely receptive to the factor of uneasiness. Even temporary stay of man in nest leads to the leaving with his birds. Sea-eagles perish, falling into the traps, as a result random shooting and the destruction of nests ([Syroechkovskiy] and other, 2000). Form is introduced into the Red Books [MSOP] and RF. It is everywhere subject to protection. Sea-eagle -[belokhvost] is included in the appendix of the I convention [SITES] and the enumeration of the forms of the Russian- Indian convention about the protection of migratory birds. Is planned the formation of natural park [Symskiy] , the including the important sections of inhabiting form in the southern and average taiga ([Syroechkovskiy] and other, 2000). |
Propagation. Sea-eagle -[belokhvost] populates average Siberia widely: from the southern boundaries to the forest-tundra transition area and the tundra, where, apparently, it does not nest or nests very rarely ([Krechmar], 1966). The roaming birds are encountered in the tundra to the north to the delta Of the [pyasiny] rivers, lower of Taimyr and Schrenk. The nests of sea-eagles were found on coast ledges and rocky outputs of elevations in the Yenisey molded edge ([Tugarinov], [Buturlin], 1911; [Syroechkovskiy], [Rogacheva], 1995). On r. the Yenisey in sett. Nicol they nest in the lakes, in the depth the forest-tundra transitions area and at the autumnal flight appear in large quantities ([Rogacheva] and other, 1983). The region of nesting sea-eagle - to the east from r. of the Yenisey, in Noril'sk lakes rich in fish, begins in the limits of extreme northern taiga. Sea-eagles are comparatively usual in The [putorana] mountains to the West from Lake. [Ayan], in northern [Evenkii] in the region Lake. [Essey]; rarely nest in the environments r. [Chirindy], are noted on r. [Vivi]. In the pond r. underground Tungus they are rare, but are encountered widely (Chernikov, 1988; [Polushkin], [Koshechkin], 1988; [Syroechkovskiy], [Rogacheva], 1995).
Places of inhabiting. Sea-eagle in lakes and rivers, rich in fish, nests with the wide floods and the presence of high vegetation. He settles usually in deaf [maloposeshchaemykh] by people regions. In the northern regions of nest it arranges on the cliffs and coast ledges ([Tugarinov], [Buturlin], 1911). In the limits of region migratory form.[Back] |
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