According to statistics, one of the most frequent causes of aircraft accidents are collisions with birds. Every fall and spring aviators faced with the problem. Air multi liners threatened, in the literal sense of the word, birds terrorists. For this reason, only one decade in the U.S., for example, the deaths of 11 pilots and broke 19 aircraft with a total loss of more than 100 million dollars. And ornithological situation is so complex that even a question about shooting birds. By a fluke - in Russia, aircraft accidents due to collisions with birds have not yet been made. Specialists explain this by saying that large birds are not a lot, but so far caused only minor accidents.
AI Ragochev and VA Lobanov in 1981, conducted an analysis of 450 aircraft collisions with birds, and obtained the following results. The most frequent clashes with the pigeons (26%), followed with a gull (19%), waterfowl (14%), predators and passerine on (13%).

Also identified phases of flight accidents are most likely to: planting 32.5%, off 31%, aviahimraboty (including flights at low altitudes) - 12.3%, on a route - 24.2%, and potentially hazardous to these stages : Pigeons - climb; seagulls - in the run, run, takeoff, landing, predators - kreysiruyuschy flight; JAYS, CROWS and MAGPIES - with run, run, takeoff; waterfowl - with the decline, kreysiruyuschem flight; small Passeriformes - during landing; Swift - when kreysiruyuschem flight , Gaining height.

With regard to different parts of the aircraft in 45% of birds caught in the engine at 18% - in the wings; 15% - in the bow, at 12% - in the cabin; 4% - in the tail and add-ons; 2% - in the fuselage.

The strength of the impact of poultry velichennoy with tea at a speed of the aircraft 320 km / h is 3200 kg, at a speed of 960 km / h - 28800 kg. For visual comparison with the weight of 1.8 kg of poultry and speed of the aircraft 700 km / h at an altitude of 2400 meters below the impact force on bird flight is three times stronger than a 30 millimeter projectile struck.

Apart from the risk of catastrophe if the airlines have a clash of economic losses. Release to the engine, even small vorobinyh leads to the failure of the turbines worth tens of thousands of dollars of losses in the delayed departure from the discharge of fuel, minor repairs, etc.

In the summer time, the bulk of the clashes, in addition to that May 15, the number of sorties increased in two changes of the ornithological fauna neighborhoods airport and airspace (see Table 1).

On the plane encountered birds falling for the first time at the airfield, the first time saw the plane at close range, nesumevshie because of the weak extrapolation of data, and imperfect flying skills to avoid a collision. Key players accidents sletki, fingerlings and first find oneself at the airfield birds. Skill extrapolation developed for different species in different ways.

According to the study during the day frequency of accidents is not the same. It is associated with daily way of life for most of the birds, and the majority of flights during daylight hours (Table 2).

One reason for the clashes similarity in aerodynamic terms for the take-off from the aircraft and birds. The need to counter-wind leads to match axes takeoff, even after the discovery of bird aircraft occurs reducing time to maneuver in poultry. This applies to straight-ahead plane. In takeoff, landing, turning when the plane curvilinear motion commits the birds difficult to make accurate extrapolation, that explains the collision at takeoff, landing on the route.

Ambiguity frequency of collisions at different speeds of extrapolation of birds. As you know birds determine speed over the ground and other birds, and with the development of technology appeared: cars, trains, planes, leading to an error in calculating the distance (Table 3).

Height with the most frequent clashes can be divided into three groups: up to 300 meters - 75% of all cases; 300-1500 m - 20% higher than 1500 - 5%.

If you focus on species composition, it is exactly 61 species of birds facing aircraft. In the first place in the number of collisions and the number of species is a squad Passeriformes - 32.2%, of which the most frequently encountered: Rooks, starlings, swallows, Early Riser, small Passeriformes.

The second place chaykovye poultry - 15.9%, in all kinds of different areas, and clashes with the tern is not registered.

The third place Day predators - 15.6%, mainly outside the airfield.

Fourth place pigeons - 15.3%, at the city airport, outside the wild.

Fifth place - 10.2%, but the most dangerous to planes - guseobraznye all clash by night.

The reasons for the attractiveness of airfields to birds and ways to prevent clashes

The feed of plant origin

Weedy grasses grown on the territory of the airfield greatly increases its attractiveness to zernoyadnyh birds. And no matter the height of grass, always representatives, for whom it is suitable. Recommended height of the grass around the airfield is not less than 25 centimeters. It is therefore appropriate to replace Koshenov planting clover. Another reason for the large accumulation is agricultural planting maize, sunflowers and other cereals in the vicinity of the airport territory.

The feed of animal origin

Quite a large portion of birds on the airfield attract insects. Swallow catch in the air, and many others collect downed aircraft. For example, a lamp for the night there is 182 g of insects that attract birds and bats. The accumulation of insects in the light of searchlights at night attracted predators. Replacing white lighting orange reduces the number of insects at 92%. Daytime predators, such as Field harrier hunt for rodents, appearing on the border of concrete and grass.

Another problem brandling, in large numbers appearing on the runway after rain, and attract large numbers of rooks, starlings, etc. Recommendations: installation of metal grooves on the border of concrete, as well as chemical methods to reduce their numbers.

Landfill

Household waste left bars, restaurants, airports, landfills in the tanks, the focus of birds. This kasaemo territory, but there is a landfill located near the airport. The problem lies not only in the concentrations of birds, but also the subsistence pereletah of places to lodging places nutrition. Often, running through the airport.

Other factors

Other factors include facilities management of human activities: Elevators, Pig housing, zverofermy, SEA FISH-FARM, Meat Plant, and DR

Nesting

Often, the airfield is a set of conditions favorable for nesting. On the ground, in tree hollows, the crack of stone buildings on the roofs and eaves, the branches of trees and shrubs.

Activities to reduce the attractiveness of the airfield for the birds

Little airport, for the life of birds, markedly reduces the likelihood of collision with the takeoff and landing, but just above the runway.

The nature of grass at each individual airport, and can be Scotia or left.

The use of insecticide is justified, but the risk of accumulation in the soil is obvious.

The elimination of landfills in the territory of mandatory and municipal landfills must be at least 6.5 kilometers from the airport.

The active deterrence Aerodrome

Fireworks

The most effective ones are before the explosion in the stae birds leave smoky or glowing trail. The use of carbide cannons are not justified by the rapid adaptation of birds. Otstrel of rifles particularly effective in periodic patrols territory.

Acoustic means

Sound signals of different frequencies intensity ineffective. Nabolshy result brings audio bird cries of alarm and distress, but confirmation in the form of shooting, and the layout extracted birds. It is desirable to use the system with records of local avifauna.

Biological methods

Many airfields to use falcons and hawks, as well as dog breed collie. But their use is limited by poor weather and expensive to train.

Based in Montreal (Canada) International Civil Aviation Organization annually registers 5400 aircraft collision with birds.

Open sources assert that, for example, in the U.S. each year about 400 collisions. In Russia there is no such official statistics. While experts suggest that we have a number of such accidents lies somewhere within the 200 cases per year.

According to the FSF for 7 years (1991-1997) the loss of civilian aircraft collisions with birds in the U.S. totaled 48 million dollars and about 78 thousand flying hours, during which the aircraft was on the ground because of the threat of collisions with birds.

Since 1985, in the Air Force USA (USAF) recorded over 38 thousand aircraft collisions with birds, killing 33 pilot, broke the 30 aircraft, and the total damage to the equipment exceeded $ 500 million