Field signs. Major bird. Adult males weigh 2,7-5,1 kg, reliable record - 6.5 kg weight females 1,7-2,3 kg, body length of males 560-870 mm, females - 450-570 mm in length wing males 331 -423 Mm, females - 270-325 mm, the magnitude of the wings - 870-1250 mm. Well differs from blackcocks sizes, large slightly rounded tail and the lack of white stripes on the wing. Male plumage is mainly dark colors may be more or less numerous white spots on the belly. Gluharka (kopaluha) has the patronage pestroe plumage. Despite the great difference in size, it easily confused with the hen, especially at a distance. There gluharki rounded tail, broad white stripes on the wing is not (there are narrow), the front side of the neck and upper chest (plastron) more often than not uniform or nearly uniform red. Sometimes (more often - in the north range) are gluharki without red plastron, with a predominance of gray around his neck and chest. Gluhari older and growing up within three years or more. In ptentsovom Attire (until the end of the summer), a rapidly growing males already well differ from females of the predominance of gray on the head and neck, and dark shades in operenii as a whole, whereas young females predominantly red. In September - early October, young males and females dress in the first autumn attire, in general, similar to an adult. In this Attire male plumage a little lighter than the old, to «beard» and chest white struychaty picture, a short tail, steering feathers with a white stripe terminal, narrow and curved (old they are straight edge, ends black), beak and «Beard» small proportion of males in the winter no more than 70-80% of the weight of old. Males-dvuhletki (3rd year), the color almost the same as the old, but still have a short tail; steering curved, part of them with a white stripe terminal. Young females in the first autumn Attire until next summer different from the old to a red color and large ryzhemu plastron; contact feature: cross-sectional drawing on the steering wheel reaches the top of the pen that is not white (adult females steering with broad white kaemkami). Young males and females in autumn, winter and until next summer, two outdoor makhovaya sharp-tipped pen, and more or less pronounced krapom on top. For older birds are the primary mahovye, including and the most exterior, rounded and krapa without (Ryabitsev, 2001). Voice. Gluharya hear voices can be only on current, otherwise the birds very silently. Tokovaya song is short, only a few seconds, it can be roughly divided into two parts. The first part - «snap»: Dry double click, which should first be with some interval, Then faster and faster and merge into a continuous trill snapping. All «snap» hear about how «TC ... TC ... TC -- TC - TC-TC-TC-TC-TC-tktktktktktk »and without pause moving into the second phase of songs, called« skrezhetaniem »,« tocheniem »or« skirkanem », and to transmit the letter impossible extends this phase 3 -4 Seconds. During those seconds when «skrezhetanii» capercaillie absolutely can not hear, for which got its name. The whole song sounds a bit strange and has some «Mechanical» character. Posa tokuyuschego gluharya very characteristic: the tail dissolved fans and raised vertically, the head of the neck on the line, too, raised upward, the ends of the wings have been omitted. When inactive, «sluggish» current gluhari can serve only a fraction of songs - some clicks or series - a complete song with some breaks . In the midst of the current songs are continuously one after another. Song low voice, audible from distances up to 200-300 meters Potrevozhenny dog capercaillie publishes special squeaky sound. From man, he takes off and runs silently, but the takeoff so Shumen, which is already on those sounds can be found gluharya almost flawlessly. Gluharka in such a situation, low kvohchet: «OK ... OK ... »(Ryabitsev, 2001).  Distribution. All wood and partly forest zone of Eurasia in the east to the river. Lena. Occupies the entire area of taiga and mountain taiga south of the province, including the Sayan Mountains, and Kuznetsk Alatau. The northern border range east of Yenisei badly needs to be clarified and refined. By Yenisei goes north to the southern forest-tundra of the village. Ust-Hantayka, which is very rare. Perhaps dwelling across the river. Hantayke and Hantayskom lake, but here, as well as at Norilsk lakes, although rare, but meets regularly and the capercaillie stone (Syroechkovsky, 1961; Krechmar, 1966). Further, the boundary is likely to sink to the south, leaving at the upstream river. Kotuy. In the circumpolar Eastern Evenkia ordinary gluharya obviously not, because the upper Vilyuya BN Andreev (1974) it no longer shows. To the north of Tours, however, have found common capercaillie (Vakhrushev, Vahrusheva, 1987). At the Yenisey, in extreme northern taiga at Igarki capercaillie have recently been the usual hunting birds (Rogacheva, 1988).
Habitats. The most prefer forests, where there are pine or cedar, but in the summer gluhari live and in a variety of mixed or coniferous forests, and places - Yves pure hardwood. In February-March males center on the outskirts of tokovisch that exist for a permanent seat, perhaps centuries. More rarely, there are temporary tokovischa that arise, there are several years old and fades away. Tokovische located on the rarefied, often pine forests or on the fringe, on the outskirts of the forest swamps (Ryabitsev , 2001). Phenology. High current in the middle taiga - in mid-May. In late June, Krasnoyarsk vyvodki. In the taiga in the winter is going to flocks and kochuet in birch and river floodplains (Syroechkovsky, Rogacheva, 1980).  Reproduction. At the current is from 2 to 10 males in the deaf forests have been preserved current, where dozens of singing males in the area 1-1,5 km 2. Every male has its own current territory of neighboring males - 150-500 m. At the current males priletayut evening, at dusk, and podletaya produce deliberately noisy landing. Tokovanie It starts before the morning, still in the dark, and continues until late morning. Starting tokovat on trees, gluhari from dawn fly to the ground, where he continued to sing, occasionally making noisy podlety to slam the wings. Sometimes converge on the border and fight, enough for each other beak to the neck and attacking wings. Slowly oslabevaya, tokovanie terminated soon after the start melting foliage. Kopaluhi priletayut at the current mostly in the middle period tokovaniya. At the same time they are satisfied with the nest from valezhin, under bushes, the grass less often - very openly. Masonry consists of 4-14, more often - 5-8 eggs, their coloring - as the hazel grouse and blackcocks - colored, ohristaya or light brown with dark brown specks and small spots. Eggs relatively small - 53-64 x 39-46 mm. Female nasizhivaet 22-30 days, more often - 25-26. Ptentsy on the first day of life feed their own, searching for insects and other small animals feed, and later - berries and a gross plant food. In the eight-aged trees could rocket to a height of 1 meter (Ryabitsev, 2001).
 Nutrition. Since mid-September start flights to the sand and in the autumn, starting yellow larch, which needles - a favorite autumn food capercaillie. In winter, in severe frosts, gluhari nochuyut protected from the wind dark parts of taiga, often zaryvshis in the snow. Basis of winter food - cedar and pine needles (Syroechkovsky, Rogacheva, 1980). Most deaf and frosty time, go feed once a day, in the middle of the day. In the absence or lack of pine and cedar eat hvoyu juniper, fir, as well as kidney and runners-leaved trees. With the advent of thawed again , The transition to summer diet, gathering berries overwinter, sostrigaya stalks bilberries, and later eat a wide range of green food, seeds and insects and other invertebrates (Ryabitsev, 2001).
Number. EV Rogacheva (1988) finds that the maximum number of currently accounts for an average taiga and parts of a typical northern boreal forest. First of ordinary capercaillie was very numerous in the southern taiga on the Angara and eniseyskomu left, but now he is heavily destroyed. In prieniseyskoy taiga abundance of capercaillie known river basins Syma, Dubchesa, Pakulihi, Lower Baihi. East of Yenisei gluharya less. In the south edge of the mountain taiga in places gluhari common, but their numbers are low. The rapidly decreasing abundance of the birds and deaf areas north. On the left bank of Yenisei to basins Eloguya, Dubchesa, Pakulihi and Lower Baihi strength over the past 20 years has decreased by 3-4 times. Capercaillie in the mass decimating the "sand" - in the autumn concentrating on the river bank and yarah. In previous times at many "sands" gathered hundreds of birds, notably "vyedaya" sand from the coastal cliffs. Some hunters dobyvali to "sand" dozens of birds in one morning. Now such an abundance of capercaillie is not anywhere else. The most distant "Sands" became available for the many motor boats and helicopters. The barbaric way of hunting for the "sand" where, as the wintering forced to concentrate birds collected from large areas of boreal forest, should be strictly prohibited. All significant "sand" to take the record and make their hunting reserve. In 1987, at the upper Elogue a state Republican reserve, which will help restore and preserve gluharya in typical srednesibirskih lands (Rogacheva, 1988).  In contrast to the EV Rogachevo (1988), IA Savchenko (2000) is inclined to believe that the maximum size of the current account is not the average, while the southern taiga, where despite the high degree exemptions focus of at least 45-50 % Of the species. It remains to prieniseyskoy taiga increased number gluharya remains rivers Syma, Dubchesa, Pakulihi, south of the basin rivers Sochur, Mendel and others, although the past accumulation of sand on the river. Syma and river. Dubchesa anymore. In the survey district. Syma (1997, 1998) on a closed factory Sym-Al Sym more than 7 birds on a sandy spit yaru or author has not seen more frequently gluhari held on 1-3 birds. At the district. Mendel during the flight capercaillie on the "pebbles" density was 2.5 birds on the river 10 km (Savchenko, 2000). In the mountainous southern edge of taiga capercaillie more common, although appears quite uneven. In the 1956-1957 biennium. In the second half of August and September in the north-western and central parts of the East Sayan, in the middle river basins Many , Kizira and Kazyra, gluharya density ranged from 8 to 17 birds per 10 km 2. Even then capercaillie, compared with hazel grouse was everywhere nemnogochislen. In addition, researchers noted a marked decrease in the number of species, especially in areas nizkogory and middle that were the subject of massive felling of forests in large areas and around the construction of industrial complexes (Kim, 1991). The most significant reduction in the number of gluharya occurred in central parts of the province. So, from dozens of currents known in the 1970-1977 biennium. In the vicinity of villages Rossiyka, Talovka Minsk, Muratova, Razdolne Bolshemurtinskogo area remained units. According to the cards ZMU, the density in 1999, 2000 and stood at the edge of areas: Balahtinskomu - 1,69, Bolshemurtinskomu - 3.4, Emelyanovskomu -- 3.6, Eniseyskomu - 3.0, Kazachinskomu - 5.8, Kanskomu - 7, 1, Novoselovskomu - 3.7, Suhobizimskomu - 2.1 individuals per 10 km 2 (Savchenko, 2000). The main reason for the downsizing of gluharya can be considered adverse human-induced changes biotope primarily associated with the change of the structure stands and a reduction in the proportion of the diet season forage (Savchenko, 2000). Be contested and highly negative impact on the populations of spring hunting gluharya, especially shooting the elite males in primary and active phase current (Romanov, 1979; Potapov, 1987). References. |
