Order together several large groups of birds, mostly residents of coastal and marsh: yakan, sandpipers, gulls and chistikovyh; here should be tirkushek occupying an intermediate position between kulikami and seagulls. According to the internal structure all of this certainly closely related species. However , To give an overview of birds included in the squad Lapwing, it is very difficult when people use only the immediate symptoms (Ivanov, Shtegman, 1978). Family Yakany Jacanidae Small and medium-sized birds. Beak moderate length, nearly straight line. Feet long with very long thin fingers and claws, allowing yakanam easily run on the floating leaves kuvshinok and other aquatic plants. Despite the absence of swimming pereponok, yakany can swim and even dive in the prosecution. Wings broad, PA bend the wing has a sharp tongue or have goofy papilla. Fly low and hard. Tail moderate length or very long. Jacks satisfied at the floating algae. Nasizhivaet eggs a male. In a family with 7 species. Distributed in the tropics and subtropics. In Russia received only one type of zaletny: Yakana Hydrophasianus chirurgus (Scopoli, 1786) (Ivanov, Shtegman, 1978). Family Avdotkovye Burhinidae Neotorymi taxonomy of the group of Zhuravleobraznye Gruiformes (Ivanov, Shtegman, 1978). The average poultry. Short neck, long legs with short fingers, attached at the base of a short film. Eyes big - adapting to the twilight life. Wings Long Island. Inhabitants of the dry steppes and sand dunes on the shores of rivers or clay desert near rivers and lakes. The food - insects, mollusks sometimes, small lizards and rodents (Ivanov, Shtegman, 1978). In Russia, a family represented by one genus: Avdotka Burhinus Illiger, 1811 with the only type: Avdotka Burhinus oedicnemus ( Linnaeus, 1758). Family Color snipe Rostratulidae Small birds with long, straight and firm in the top beak. Legs are relatively long, bobbin in length is rostral; fingers without pereponok at the base, rear-finger well developed. Wings short, stupid and large, adapted to take-off and flight of dense thickets, which inhabit color snipe, flying slow and low over the land, well run and can swim. Take care of progeny (nasizhivayut eggs and chicks drive), only males, painted over dimly than females. The food - small invertebrates. As a family of two kinds, of which Russia received only one race: Colored snipe Rostratula Vieillot, 1816, presented by one type: Color snipe Rostratula benghalensis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Ivanov, Shtegman, 1978). Family Rzhankovye Charadriidae Small and medium-size birds with relatively long neck and long legs. Wings of the majority of very long, sharp, well-adapted to the rapid flight. Many species will easily make long flights, and some seasonal migrations fly over the sea, breaking non-stop long-distance. Beak moderate length or long, sharp , Straight or curved down, rarely up or expanded on the top. Almost all Rzhankovye - residents of open spaces: the coasts of water (seas, rivers, lakes), grass or moss bogs, steppe and even desert, few live in the forest or even a nest pas trees, occupying old nests of other birds. As terrestrial inhabitants Rzhankovye well walk and run, some can swim. Meals are almost exclusively animals: insects, worms, mollusks, C. finmarchicus and others, some eat berries. Pischu collected from the surface of land or water, choosing it from the forest litter and release of the sea, or derived from the soft, damp soil or sludge, zondiruya their beak (Ivanov, Shtegman, 1978). Besides listed in the list of species of fauna of Russia and adjacent territories are the following: American burokrylaya plover Pluvialis dominica (Muller, 1776)
Perponchatopaly galstuchnik Charadrius semipalmatus Bonaparte, 1825
Ussurisky plover Charadrius placidus JE et GR Gray, 1863
Dvugalstuchny plover Charadrius vociferus L., 1758
The Caspian plover Charadrius asiaticus Pallas, 1773
Belohvostaya pewit Vanellochettusia leucura (Lichtenstein, 1823)
Gray lapwing Microsarcops cinereus (Blyth, 1842)
Decorated lapwing Lobivanellus indicus (Boddaert, 1783)
Shportsevy lapwing Hoplopterus spinosus L., 1758
Black kamnesharka Arenaria melanocephala Vigors, 1828 (1829) Family Shiloklyuvkovye Recurvirostridae Large kuliki contrasting white and black color with very spindly legs and beak. Live on the waters of the steppe and semi-arid zones, sometimes form a small colony. Good swim. Feed on small invertebrates in the shallow ilistyh (Böhme et al, 1998 ). In the fauna of Russia meets 2 types: Hodulochnik Himantopus himantopus (L., 1758) and Shiloklyuvka Recurvirostra avosetta L., 1758 Family Tufted Duck Haematopodidae Large black-and-white or black kuliki with long, powerful direct bright red beak and red legs. Flight confident, straightforward, gaggle of arranged wedge. When approaching human-to-female jack vyletaet meet and flies around with a loud shout. Jacks on the shores of the seas and large rivers. Pitayutsya shellfish, less other small invertebrates, which get out of stones (Böhme et al, 1998). On the territory of Russia are Whooper forty Haematopus ostralegus L., 1758, and as zaletnogo type, black Whooper forty Haematopus bachmani Audubon, 1838. By the same family belongs Serpoklyuv Ibidorhyncha struthersii Vigors, 1832, dwelling in neighboring Russia territories. Family Bekasovye Scolopacidae Various appearance kuliki gray or ohristoy less fox, golden, black or burovatoy color with a fine pattern of dark pestrin and sometimes bright stripes. Slot in the vicinity of water bodies, some species - in the woods. Nest - hole in the earth with a lining of leaves or herbs (some ulity nest in the trees), 2-4 in laying sand, olive or pinkish eggs with dark spots. In spring males of many species produce so-called Current flights, flying on a trajectory with a characteristic sound (example - draft woodcock and "bleat" snipe). Some species collected at the surface current group. Feed on small invertebrates. Often you can see how they roam the shallow water, lowering the beak into the water. Because different types differ in the length of the beak and legs, they feed at different depths and not compete with each other because of the food. Many SWANS, GEESE and DUCKS trudnorazlichimy in nature so that their definition - a true art. Almost all -- migratory birds. Most Bekasova dwells in the north, and in middle latitudes they can be seen mainly in the passage. True, autumn passage they often begins in midsummer, especially among the young, not in this year's nesting birds. Along with the usual, widespread species, the family includes some of the most rare and knowledge of our birds (Böhme et al, 1998). Besides listed in the list of species on the territory of Russia are the following: Okhotsk ulit Tringa guttifer (Nordmann, 1835)
Colorful ulit Tringa melanoleuca (Gmelin, 1789)
Zheltonogy ulit Tringa flavipes (Gmelin, 1789)
American ashen ulit Heteroscelus incanus (Gmelin, 1789)
Spotted carrier Actitis macularia (L., 1766)
American phalarope Phalaropus tricolor (Vieillot, 1819)
Lopaten Eurynorhynchus pygmeus (L., 1758)
Sandpiper-crumb Calidris minutilla (Vieillot, 1819)
Baird sandpiper Calidris bairdii (Coues, 1861)
Bonaparte sandpiper Calidris fuscicollis (Vieillot, 1819)
Beringiysky sandpiper Calidris ptilocnemis (Coues, 1873)
Large sandpiper Calidris tenuirostris (Horsfield, 1821)
Pereponchatopaly sandpiper Calidris mauri (Cabanis, 1856)
Small sandpiper Calidris pusillus (L., 1766)
Zheltozobik Tryngites subruficollis (Vieillot, 1819)
Japanese snipe Gallinago hardwickii (JE Gray, 1831)
Eskimo curlew Numenius borealis (JR Forster, 1772)
Curlew bird Numenius tenuirostris Vieillot, 1817 Family Tirkushkovye Glareolidae Small number of birds in their internal structure occupying an intermediate position between kulikami and chaykovymi birds. From his sister sandpipers tirkushki and begunki included in this family, apparently are short beak with a very deep, as lastochek, cut mouth, so the angle cut it into line with the front edge of the eye, while sandpipers slit mouth does not come to the eye. This section of the mouth - a device for catching insects on the fly or run on. Bobbin quite long, though tirkushki and did not impress the birds, high on the legs, as many kuliki. Front bobbin covered cross schitkami. The inside edge of the jaws middle finger slightly notch. Well-fly and run. Inhabitants of open landscapes - the steppes, grasslands on a large river valleys and deserts, but almost always near the water. Food tirkushki mine, Ray in the air like swallows, or on the ground (Ivanov, Shtegman, 1978). In addition Lugovoy tirkushki Glareola pratincola (Linnaeus, 1766) in the fauna of Russia are: Runner Cursorius cursor (Latham, 1787)
Eastern tirkushka Glareola maldivarum JR Forster, 1795
Steppe tirkushka Glareola nordmanni Nordmann, 1842 Family Pomornikovye Stercorariidae A small group of northern birds, inhabitants of coastal tundra, and sometimes far from the coasts. Outwardly very similar to gulls, which, in addition to nadklyuvem hooked nose, horns covered by individual plates, are darker in color and form its tail: V -shaped tail, usually with a pair of long central steering feathers. As seagulls, pomorniki fly perfectly well go on land and swim, holding on the surface of the water. Unlike the gulls do not live colonies, and individual pairs. Food is mostly animals, often hischnichayut, subtract from the extraction of gulls and other birds' nests harry (Ivanov, Shtegman, 1978). In Central Siberia are: average skua Stercorarius pomarinus (Temminck, 1815), Korotkohvosty skua Stercorarius parasiticus (Linnaeus, 1758), Dlinnohvosty skua Stercorarius longicaudus Vieillot, 1819; fauna in Russia also found skua Stercorarius skua (Brunnich, 1764), which zalety possible and to the north of Central Siberia. Family Chaykovye Laridae Most, but rather homogeneous group of birds - the inhabitants of the coasts of seas, rivers, open and wild lakes. The size from small (little tern) to quite large (Mayor). Beak solid at the top noticeably bent or straight, sharp , Cutting nostrils. Wings long adapted to long-duration flights in search of food. Tail straight cut or deep cuttings, less wedge. Fingers are connected plavatelnoy membrane, sometimes deeply carved. Plumage dense, often bright coloration - white and svetlosizaya, less dark . Many species of migratory. Gnezdyatsya colonies on the gentle shores, cliffs or floating plants. Food animals - fish, aquatic invertebrates, insects, a large species - rodents, chicks, eggs, carrion. The family is divided into two subfamilies, which are often considered separate families (Ivanov , Shtegman, 1978). Subfamily Gulls Larinae Medium and fairly large birds. Wings long, relatively short legs, with swimming membrane, bright coloring. All the gulls fly well active «search» flight is not afraid of strong winds and many species can steam, good swim, holding on the surface of the water, but can dive, only falling into the water from a height of at catching prey. Usually settle colonies in the coastal beach, rocks, and some lakes and zarosshih. Food animals: fish, aquatic invertebrates, insects and some seagulls catch prey far from the water, istreblyaya rodents and locusts in the steppe, some hischnichayut, destroyed nests and destroying eggs and chicks (Ivanov, Shtegman, 1978). In addition to species listed in the list of fauna Russia are: Connate gull Larus relictus Lonnberg, 1931
Chernogolovaya gull Larus melanocephalus Temminck, 1820
Burogolovaya gull Larus brunnicephalus Jerdon, 1840
Naval Golubok Larus genei Breme, 1840
Brooby Larus fuscus L., 1758
Silver gull Larus argentatus Pontoppidan, 1763
Pacific gull Larus schistisagus Stejneger, 1884
Serokrylaya gull Larus glaucescens Naumann, 1840
Polar gull Larus glaucoides Meyer, 1822
Sea gull Larus marinus L., 1758
Chernohvostaya gull Larus crassirostris (Vieillot, 1818)
China gull Larus saundersi Swinhoe, 1871
Krasnonogaya govorushka Rissa brevirostris Bruch, 1853 Subfamily Krachki Sterninae Small and medium-size birds, inhabitants of the coasts of seas, rivers, lakes and wetlands, rather, wild lakes. Beak straight, sharp, without hook at the top. The wings are very long, sharp; fly only active flight steam as the gulls can not, often vysmatrivaya production, kept in the air with the help of flickering flight, and then dive into the water or on land to catch prey. The tail usually with deep cuttings, vilchaty. Legs are short, bobbin much shorter beak ; Fingers connected plavatelnoy perepopkoy, sometimes deeply carved. Nesting colonies on the slope or flat islands, often in conjunction with other types of birds; black krachki build nests on floating islands of water plants. The food - small fish, aquatic insects and other invertebrates , Which catch, vysmatrivaya air during the weed, and some prey on land - in the steppes or grasslands and catch insects and small lizards (Ivanov, Shtegman, 1978). In addition to species listed in the list of fauna Russia are: Beloschekaya tern Chlidonias hybrida (Pallas, 1811)
Pestronosaya tern Thalasseus sandvicensis (Latham, 1787)
Aleutian tern Sterna aleutica Baird, 1869 Family Chistikovye Alcidae Small and medium-size seabirds dense body. Neck is fairly short, sharp beak, conical or severely compressed in the sides, reminiscent hatchet. Legs with well-developed swimming membrane; excellent swim and nyryayut, working in the diving wings and legs as with swimming membrane that act as a rudder. Fly fast, but very little maneuverability flight, usually low over the water; widely razdvinutye fingers on the swimming membrane served during the flight instead of a tail. Jacks on coastal cliffs in public or among rocks, some royut in soft soil deep holes. Feed fish and other small marine invertebrates. Most species nest colonial. Often in conjunction with the seagulls, forming a large marine «markets». Outside the period of stay nesting flocks, winter ice-free waters, relatively close to the nesting sites (Ivanov, Shtegman, 1978). In addition to species listed in the list of fauna Russia are: Auk Alca torda L., 1758
Pacific Guillemot Cepphus columba Pallas, 1811
Guillemot points Cepphus carbo Pallas, 1811
Dlinnoklyuvy young deer Brachyramphus marmoratus (Gmelin, 1789)
Korotkoklyuvy young deer Brachyramphus brevirostris (Vigors, 1829)
Old Synthliboramphus antiquus (Gmelin, 1789)
Cristate old Synthliboramphus wumizusume (Temminck, 1835)
Aleut young deer Ptychoramphus aleuticus (Pallas, 1811)
Most konyuga Aethia cristatella (Pallas, 1769)
Low konyuga Aethia pygmaea (Gmelin, 1789)
Konyuga-crumb Aethia pusilla (Pallas, 1811)
Belobryushka Cyclorrhynchus psittacula (Pallas, 1769)
The stalemate, rhinoceros Cerorhinca monocerata (Pallas, 1811)
The stalemate Fratercula arctica (L., 1758)
Ipatka Fratercula corniculata (Naumann, 1821)
Puffin Lunda cirrhata (Pallas, 1769) References. |
