 Field signs. Ptichka size of a sparrow. The top is dark brown, dark tail, with sandy spots at the base. A male throat and chest bright blue, in the middle of the chest - ryzhee spot ( «star»). For females goiter whitish. Song varied, the call is from schebechuschih, clicking and svistovyh cries, sometimes moving in the long chatter. During the singing varakushka usually sits in the bushes, and sometimes sings and on the fly, high in the air. Normally kept on the ground, quickly run, stopping and podergivaya tail. Alarming Creek - «Chuck, Chuck», the wings while pripuscheny (Syroechkovsky, Rogacheva, 1995).
Distribution. Widespread species of coastal scrub littery shores of reservoirs, each natural area select the appropriate type of habitat (Rogacheva, 1988). In the south central Siberia varakushka distributed sporadichno; nest on zaroslyam shrubs from reservoirs and wetlands on the outskirts of forest groves. For Minusinsk depression, especially for Khakassia, there is little concrete data. PP Sushkina (1914) refers to its Right of depression in the forest landscape to the edge of a continuous taiga, as well as in the riverine bushes on the river. Constitution. In East Sayan is not marked. In the West Sayan found mainly in the highlands, usually for nesting in the high tundra and lakes and wetlands Sayan Ridge (Zabelin, 1976). Nesting pair found on Mts. Borus above the forest, the latter trailing cedars, among placers gneiss (Tugarinov, 1915). In the Sayano-Shushenskoye Reserve varakushka - background kind of subalpine zone, marked a rare nesting birds in the mountain tundra and steppes and meadows, terraced Yenisei (Sokolov et al, 1983; Petrov, Rudkovsky, 1985). In the basin of the river. Big Ury varakushka found a large (one dominant) from bezlesnyh verhovy rivers Ala-Ayan and Otuk-Suk of thickets of bushes and meadows (32 specimens / km 2) and rare (0.4 species / km 2) on the riverside of mixed forests (Prokofiev, 1987). AY Tugarinov (1927) leads varakushku as nesting sites srednesibirskoy type of forest. Here, as in the vicinity of Krasnoyarsk, she kept in bushes on the banks of reservoirs. In podtayge everywhere barely usual (1 specimen / km 2) in the meadow and shrub Near water. In eniseyskoy southern taiga in the nesting Unit; kept on the bush and willowy priruslovym osier eniseyskoy floodplain forests (Bursky, Vakhrushev, 1983). In Priangare (River basin. Chuny) nests in bushes on the meadows and fields (17 animals / km 2) and zalesennyh transitional swamps (4 specimens / km 2) (Ravkin, 1984). Occasionally nests in the flood plain of the Angara Motygina and riverine bushes on its tributaries - the river. Kamenka (Syroechkovsky et al, 1978). In the southern taiga in the upper river. Keti rare (Moskvitin et al, 1977). In the middle eniseyskoy taiga in general usual, but the nest is not entirely sporadichno and regularly. Throughout the subzone numerous in the willowy at priruslovom shaft and on the banks of the flood plain starits Yenisei. Most breeds in the townships. Away from the Yenisei is not marked. In the middle taiga Evenkia at Podkamennoy Tunguske rare or absent; on the Lower Tunguska (63 o 30 'N) usually. In the northern taiga on the Yenisey varakushka usual, but in extreme northern taiga many. Slot in the flood plain on the Yenisei olugovevshih felling of the villages (where many) and within the townships. The number of average for the summer on subzone - 5 individuals / km 2 (Rogacheva, Vakhrushev, 1983). In the northern taiga Evenkia breeds sporadichno: not met in the central taiga Evenkiya (lower reaches of the river. Kochechum, on a hill Syverma, in the valley Kotuya by 67-68 o N) found in normal redkostoynom listvennichnike in the valley of the river. Lang (67 o 45 'N) 9-10 June 1983 (Volkov, 1987a) (perhaps they were still proletnye birds). Occasionally found at the village. Tour and the lake. Essey. In the forest of the Yenisei many. In the southern forest (Ust-Hantayka, 68 o 15 'N) are not nests in depleted Berezovo-fir forests, but were numerous in the floodplain Yenisei (16 animals / km 2), and usually in the moss-osokovoy tundra with bushes on Streams (8 individuals / km 2). In a typical forest (Nikolskoye, 69 o N), on the contrary, the maximum strength was in a different type of larch woodland (42 species / 2 kilometers) from the spots on the tundra shrubs it was 10, and Yenisei in the flood plain - a special 4 / km 2 (Rogacheva et al, 1983). Typically, in extreme northern taiga and the forest from Norilsk Lakes (Krechmar, 1966). Typically, many in the basin of Lake Hantayskogo (at priozernyh zakustarennyh fringe of the forest pair gnezdilis after 200 m) (Syroechkovsky, 1961). At East Taimyr numerous in the vicinity of the forest village. Khatanga (72 o N) on the banks of rivers and lakes (Volkov, 1987). On the left bank of Yenisei in the upper Turuhana varakushka usually in the extreme northern and southern taiga forest on the edge of riverine Leskov and shrubs (3,8-8 individuals / km 2) (Rogacheva et al, 1987). In subzone bush tundra in the Eastern Taimyr on the river. New (tract Ary-Mas, 72 o 30 'N) varakushka was extensive (in many cases dominated) in larch woodlands (in different years 33,3-48,3 individuals / km 2), the transition area of woodlands to the tundra (9,4-60), in the flood plain willowy (42,1-62,5 individuals / km 2) (Chupin, 1987). In the bush tundra at the mouth of Yenisei (70 o N) is usually (2-8 individuals / km 2) (Ravkin, Gleyh, 1981). By Eniseyskomu Gulf and even in the West Taimyr varakushka in a small number of breeds to Dickson (73 o 30 'N), penetrating, thus, in the southern part of the Arctic tundra; here, but it selitsya in intrazonalnyh habitats - coastal pile fin (principally ustyam on rivers and streams) (Vronsky, 1986). Thanks «plavnikovomu» biotope its size in northern subzone typical tundra on the shores of the Gulf of Yenisei (mouth of the river. Rogozinki, 72 o 50 'N) higher than the typical tundra inland parts of the West Taimyr: a Rogozinki 9 August, 1982 2 km to the Gulf coast three vyvodka varakushek (Vronsky, 1987); in the pool Pury (typical tundra), the number of varakushek equaled 0.6 specimens / km 2 (Kokorev, 1983), and the Ust-Tarei (74 o 15 'with. sh.) - 0,8 individuals / km 2 (Yurlov, 1982). The northern border nesting varakushki at Taimyr, thus taking place around the border between podzonami typical and Arctic tundra, on the shores of the Gulf of Yenisei slightly bending to the north and going to the southern part of sub-Arctic tundra to Dickson (73 o 30 'N) ( Vronsky, 1986). AV Krechmar (1966) indicates varakushku for nesting on the river valley. Pyasiny to its lower without naming specific items. On the shores of the ocean at the mouth of Pyasiny varakushka could not be found. At Northeastern Taimyr there is another mention of varakushke in the Arctic tundra: in the mountains Byrranga, the willowy terraced valleys of the river. Malahaytari, north-east of the lake. Taimyr (75 o 10 'N) (Kozhevnikov, 1982). Habitats. Zanimayut semi habitat near the water - even small rucheyka, bolottsa, ditch - all areas in the plains and mountains. In the steppes of this border coastal vegetation - shrubs, cane, vysokotravya. In the forest zone choose marshes, meadows with bushes, on the tundra - the different habitats with a log and even some bush. In the forest willing to settle and rare woods, be sure to bushes. Everywhere avoid continuous dense thickets, preferring progaly, margins, meadow (Ryabitsev, 2001). Phenology. Under the Krasnoyarsk arrival - the first of May, the beginning of nesting - the beginning of the third decade of May, departure - the end of September (Tugarinov, Buturlin, 1911). In the forest at Norilsk Lakes arrival - June 4-13, full masonry - 20-22 June, a well-flying young ones - after the 25 July departure - the beginning of September (Krechmar, 1966). Reproduction. Nest places on earth in tenistyh and hidden places under dense navisshimi branches of shrubs, among the speakers above ground roots willowy, sometimes under a pencil sedgy or in heaps of river sediment. Built quicksand. The reason it served dry, most of the osier, leaves and thin prutiki. The walls are made more carefully and consist of pedicels dried herbs, roots, sometimes with some moss. Tray now has the same, but more delicate material. Litter of wool, sometimes with the plant down, feathers and moss impurity. Diameter nests 120-130 mm, the height of the nest 60-70 mm in diameter and depth of the tray 40-50 mm (Mikheyev, 1996). In laying 3-8, 5-6 more eggs. Their color uniform olive-blue or pale brownish-olive or bluish-gray, usually have a brownish raid, a darker tupom at the end, there are little distinguishable brown or sandy specks. Dimensions eggs 16-22 x 11-15 mm. Nasizhivaet only female, starting with otkladki penultimate or last egg, over 11-14 (16) days. at times vyletaet feed. When the danger was trying to leave the nest in advance, but often at bay close. Worry flight on bushes near the nest. There are very secretive, especially at the beginning of nasizhivaniya. Fledge two chicks. Do chicks rare dark gray fuzz, Mr. and head and back, mouth sulfur-yellow or orange, with yellowish-white klyuvnymi rollers. Leave the nest at the age of 11-14 days (Ryabitsev, 2001). Nutrition. Meal of adult birds and chicks - a variety of invertebrates, which birds are collected on the ground, derived from moss or from under the fallen leaves. In doing so, they then moved quickly jumps, it freezes in place. Most feed from the water, on the wet ground (Ryabitsev, 2001). References. |
