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Family [Bekasovye] Of scolopacidae |
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Ruff Philomachus of pugnax Of linnaeus, 1758 Name of view of other languages
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Field signs. Sufficiently ordered and long-legged snipe. The marriage tail assembly of males makes their error-free with those learned because of the elongated decorating feathers on the neck and the head, which are very diverse in the painting - from the white to the vivid- red and deep black and most diverse combinations of these colors. To meet the equally painted males is very difficult. Painting remaining tail assembly motley, is also sufficiently variable. In the marriage detail in males the feathers around the beak and the eyes are substituted by the leathery welding dribbles of yellow or orange color. Females are painted in the modest reddish-brown tones with the larger or smaller manifestation of speckles throughout entire body, are very great the individual changeability of painting, the abdomen white or whitish. The color of feet depends on the age: to 1 year they in males and females dark gray, greenish-gray or brown, at the two-year-old age - grayish-yellow, can be with the gray spots, at the more elder age of foot orange or almost red. The color of the beak in spring males can be from the dark gray (in year old) to the yellow and the orange, in females - dark gray, sometimes - with the pink tip. In some males the beak is entire life dark as in some females - foot. The autumnal painting of females is similar to the marriage, but is more monotonic and it is brighter, speckles are from below barely expressed. Autumnal males have by [samochyu] a painting, on the average even brighter are noticeably characterized by sizes. Young are similar on the autumnal adult, but the clearly expressed scaly figure because of the ocherous and red borders on the dark feathers is wing on the spin and the top. In all details on the wing narrow white strip, [nadkhvoste] white with the dark longitudinal strip, is to [nadkhvoste] motley. Females, autumnal males and young differ from large [pesochnikov] in terms of long feet, from [ulitov] - by presence of red tones in the tail assembly and by the absence of manner to rock by tail end, as a whole redder or more ocherous. Males are noticeably larger than females (by the weight - doubly). Males: weight 120-310 g, the length of 28-33 cm, wing 17,0-21,0 cm, spread 50-58 cm. of the female: weight 70-150 g, the length of 22-27 cm, wing 13,2-17,0 cm, the spread of 46-52 cm ([Ryabitsev], 2001). They are taciturn. The low sound, similar to the short deaf quacking or [kryakhtenie], usually emit females with the uneasiness in taking out. Sometimes something more similar it is possible to hear from the males on to current, also, from the ruff flock ([Ryabitsev], 2001).
Places of inhabiting. Characteristic biotopes - moist grassy meadows and swamp, in the tundra - usually in the floodlands of rivers, in the taiga and the wooded plain - frequently and on the flat watersheds ([Rogacheva], 1988). Phenology. In spring under Krasnoyarsk it appears on May 15 to 20 ([Syroechkovskiy], [Rogacheva], 1980). In the forest-tundra transition area in Lake. Salmon is the arrival of ruffs usually on June 8 to 14. The weakly long occupied layings - in the last days of June, hatching of nestlings - on July 7 to 10, from the end [iyulyamolodye] rise to the wing. After this, the ruffs begin to roam to the south and toward the end August they disappear ([Krechmar], 1966). On The [brekhovskie] islands the ruffs disappear in autumn in the first days of September ([Syroechkovskiy], [Rogacheva], 1980). Multiplication. There where ruffs dwell, they the most noticeable of the snipe, because of the motley painting of males and the group mating call. It begins even on the spring migration and are most active about two weeks after arrival into the jack regions, which usually is at the height of spring. There are constant [tokovishcha], where yearly it is gathered to several ten males. Current resemble some toy tournaments, where the males, after scolding collars, bounce, they bow, they squat, they wave by wings, they collide to each other. At times current calms down and males die in the amusing poses, then, usually with the appearance of females, current is renewed. Constant [tokovishcha] more frequently are on the noticeable elevated places in the tundra, the floodland clearings, on the dry islets among the swamps, or at the entirely imperceptible place. Besides constants, there are temporary of current, which exist only one season, or even several days. Finally, are stray currents, most usual in the outskirts of the area, when several males utter its mating-call about only of one female, flying over or crossing after by it, without any connection with the specific place. More frequent so behave single males. Mating call, as stoppage on the spring flight, occurs in the jack localities or on the proximity with them. These are mossy- grassy or grassy swamps, meadow, the tundra of different types, besides dry. Some females lag behind the migrating flocks and remain to nest in the suitable places, others follow to the places of a constant mating call. Males do not assume participation in the jack matters. Females cope compulsorily among the grass and line pit by the thick layer of last year's sedge, cotton grass and another dry rags. Eggs in the laying usually 4, is thinner frequent than 3. their painting yellowish, ocherous, sometimes greyish or greenish, with the brown, brown and reddish spots of different form and intensity. The sizes of the eggs 39-48 X of 27-35 mm. most frequently with the danger female previously leaves nest and secretly it runs away. But frequently it harbors, it allows to approach close, and after departing, it crawls away , flapping down by wings, then it runs away, after bending ( little beast ) it disappears in the grass, or it observes from the side, restlessly pulling by head. It returns, as a rule, not soon and unnoticeably to the nest. Hatching of 21-23 days. The females are very agitated in taking out, they fly all around, sit down themselves, again they take off. Young begin to fly at the age of approximately 3,5 weeks. Long before this the female leaves them and begins autumnal migration, taking out are decomposed. Males cease mating call and fly away to the places of moult somewhere on [kormnykh] swamps or coasts soon after of female they will sit down on the nests ([Ryabitsev], 2001). Nourishment. Nourishment comparatively is very diverse. At the beginning of summer these are predominantly dipterous insects ([dolgonozhki], gnats, flies), at the end nesting period - almost exceptionally aqueous forms (larva of caddis flies, chironomid, soil loosenings and other). The significant admixture of the plant food is characteristic: the seeds of sedges, stone breaks, [lukovichek] of the mountaineer of that bearing live ([Syroechkovskiy], [Rogacheva], 1980). Number. Ruff - numerous less frequently thinner frequent usual bird of the subzone of bushy tundras and floodland sections of forest-tundra transition area; it is usual also in the suitable sections of the southern and central strips of typical tundras and in the majority of the regions of forest-tundra transition area ([Rogacheva], 1988). |
Propagation. Typical snipe of plains damp meadows and swamps of tundras and forest-tundra transition area. In the limits of average Siberia the basic region of nesting is located in the subzones of typical and bushy tundras and forest-tundra transition area. In the northern part of the typical tundras it is rare. Rarely it is encountered on tundra- such swamps (with the sedge) in the extreme northern taiga and even in the more southern parts of the taiga zone. On the summer and early spring migrations it is usual in the Arctic tundras of Taimyr. Is known nesting ruff, also, in the Minusinsk basin ([Rogacheva], 1988). The isolated colony existed in The [shirinskoy] steppe near der [Son] ([Tugarinov], [Buturlin], 1911). The individual cases of nesting are noted BY [S].[M]. by Prokofiev (1987) in the swampy floodlands of lakes snorted both [Sarat] ([Shirinskiy] region) and [B].[S]. [Nalobinym] - in the natural boundary Of [sorokaozerki] and Lake. [Kyzykul]. Are for a long time known the summer migrations of the [negnezdyashchikhsya] birds in the Minusinsk basin ([Sushkin], 1914).[Back] |
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