Field signs. Slightly larger than a dove. 300-500 g body weight, body length 350-370 mm, the length of the wing - 150-186 mm, the magnitude of the wings - 480-540 mm. In the predominate color gray fox and white colors. Males and females are similar in size and color, but the male has a black neck spot, and a gray back. For females there is no solid black throat spots, but can be black or throat pestriny pure-white or whitish, and generally little more than female faint and red. Similar species do not. Seasonal changes in color are insignificant: the spring and summer in the first half of hazel grouse darker than autumn, because winter obnashivayutsya light kaemki in most parts of feathers and appear stronger shady pestriny. Young until the autumn molts similar to the female, but with less precise figure, the top sandy-brown, with light longitudinal strokes. In its first winter and next (2 nd calendar), summer (until August-September ), Young males and females are similar to the older. Holding the bird in the hand, one can distinguish them in color from the end of the second wing mahovogo pen, external fan who has a clear cross-sectional image and the number of light bands ranging from 8 to 11. Adult birds that fan is from 4 to 7 light transverse bands or all white. Young ends of the 1 st and 2 nd makhovaya sharp-tipped, the old - curved, like the rest MACHOVÁ (Ryabitsev, 2001 ). Voice. Song - thin svistovaya warble different in males and females only of its sound image. Male: «fiiit. Fyu-iiiit, fyuIt-ti-ti-cho-tyu». Ispolnyaya this shake, hazel grouse like vtyagivaet head in the shoulder, much zaprokidyvaet her on his back and his mouth wide open. Song females shorter, simpler. When you roll - also hiss. When anxiety and conflict between the hazel grouse issue gurgle trelku. Female with concern to the vyvodka also publishes a warble - a long, and how shaky: «piririririri». Sometimes you can hear the sound of spring, which publishes the male wings with a short current takeoff. It sounds like a short energetic «prrrr» - louder than for a normal takeoff (Ryabitsev, 2001).  Distribution. Virtually the entire forest area of Eurasia. According to floodplain forests and the island enters the forest and forest. Most common wild chicken birds, many places in the taiga, in densely populated areas rather rare (Ryabitsev, 2001). The maximum size in the southern taiga, where years of abundance ryabchikov population density reaches 40 birds per 1 km 2 of the best land (R. Kemchug) (Syroechkovsky, 1971). Mostly hazel grouse almost as many in the Sayan Mountains, particularly in the Kuznetsk Alatau. In the middle taiga number below one and a half or two times, but still here hazel grouse - an important fishing bird. In the northern taiga numbers even lower, and in extreme northern taiga, it is very rare and occurs sporadichno. The northern border proliferation in the Yenisey runs in the woodlands of the village. Potapova, the east is Hantayskoe lake. A Norilsk hazel grouse have not found (Rogacheva, 1988).
Habitats. Osedlye birds a wide variety of forest habitats, but mainly inhabit priruchevye and riverine, littery burelomom mixed forests, with uneven adolescents and understory. Do not settle in isolated forest islands, do not leave large forest areas. Even on Polana hazel grouse are rare, frighten away - fly in chaschu never rise above the forest canopy (Ryabitsev, 2001). Phenology. The Krasnoyarsk in mid-March, and in the middle taiga to half a month later begins spring revival ryabchikov - males hiss, fight, with the females. Masonry under the Krasnoyarsk since mid-May. The young emerge in mid-June, in August hazel grouse kept vyvodkami in September often move in the birch and Osinniki (Syroechkovsky, Rogacheva, 1980).  Reproduction. Ryabchiki monogamous and territorial. Male protect the forest area from other couples. Male and female almost always stick together, and if why a razletayutsya, it will soon find each other, pereklikayas. Protecting the territory is particularly strong in the spring. Female comfortable nest in a well-hidden location and nasizhivaet very tightly, so find the nest is not easy, even with special search. In laying is from 3 to 14, more often - 7-9 eggs. Their main, the background color - from colored to light brown, it scattered few specks and small brown spots, in general eggs are painted in the same way as the capercaillie and blackcocks, but smaller: 36-43 x 25-30 mm. Usual length incubation - 21-23 days, may be delayed up to 27. The young vyluplyayutsya growing makhovaya feathers, they can flush on the branches to a height of about 1 meter at the second to third day. The male kept with vyvodke rarely ( Ryabitsev, 2001).
Nutrition. Foods plant. This summer, green buds and flowers, then mainly berries. In summer, however, the food, especially the young, a lot of insects and other terrestrial invertebrates. Winter food is almost entirely composed of the kidneys and serezhek birch, aspen, alder and other trees (Ryabitsev, 2001). Number. Rekordnuyu population density hazel grouse virtually the entire range indicated for the basin r.Angary DV Vladyshevsky and YP Shaparev (1975) - 20-120 species per km 2. In the middle taiga number below one and a half or two times, but still here hazel grouse remains an important fishing significance. Mostly hazel grouse fairly common in Sayan, although not as numerous as the taiga in the southern plains. In the 60's of the twentieth century. the density of their nesting in the period ranged from 5.8 to 28.0 species per 10 km 2 (Kim, 1991). According to EB Rogachevoy (1988) in southern Siberia Prieniseyskoy places severely destroyed and in need of protection. Unfortunately, quantitative assessments, confirming the extent of the phenomenon, not so much because in the earlier works of the authors do not lead, limited definitions such as "typical bird taiga forest." We have a survey of information and records dnevnikovymi hunting meetings ryabchikov the day hunting podtaezhnoy zone in 1956, 1958, 15 estimates. That to a certain extent, allows indirectly judge the abundance of this type in that period. It was common standard rifle production for the day hunting for 8-10 birds. Typically, hunters, which had to communicate, stressed that the birds otstrelivali if not especially careful vspugivanii tracking and prosecution. A survey of hunters in the 90-ies showed decline of this index increased at roughly double the time spent on stalking birds (Savchenko, 2000). Account for the period 1970-2000 biennium. Confirm repeated reduction in the number of birds in areas regularly frequented by people within a radius of up to about 10-15 km from human settlements. However, it should be noted the changes of behavior of birds living in such places, to become a zataivaniya (Savchenko, 2000). By cards ZMU, the density in 1999, 2000 and stood at the edge of areas: Eniseyskomu - 34.9, Kazachinskomu - 15.2, Bolshemurtinskomu - 14.5, Suhobuzimskomu - 7.8, Emelyanovskomu - 33.2, Balahtinskomu - 14,4, Kanskomu - 19.6, Novoselovskomu - 38.3 individuals per 10 km 2 (Savchenko, 2000). Despite the apparent decrease in the number of species in southern and central parts of the edge in comparison with other members of the family of hazel grouse is relatively high and stable performance density. Thus, in podtaezhnoy edge of the zone (removal of the regional center 150-200 km) in typical biotopes density hazel grouse, the range of 10-25 animals per 1 km 2, reaching in some places the rate of 30-40 animals (Savchenko, 2000). References. |
