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Family duck Of anatidae |
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The red-breasted goose Rufibrenta of ruficollis Of pallas, 1769 Name of view of other languages
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Field signs. Very small vividly painted ordered goose (mass of approximately 1 kgf). In the painting black, red and white colors are combined. Forehead, the top of head and neck, back and the belly black. Spot behind the eye, goiter and breast chestnut- red. Spot in the beak, strip on the side, the tail end of the belly and to [podkhvoste] white. From all geese and barnacle geese it differs in terms of large mobility and fussiness -, also, by the earth, and during the flight. To before descend to the water, the flock several times flies around reservoir, turning first in one, then to the other side as the flock of starlings, being extended and being again gathered into the dense heap ([Ptushenko], 1952). This special feature helps to distinguish them from other geese and weft, which is important for their protection: in the daytime the flocks of barnacle geese barely stop, they sit down themselves only at night on the water, and frequently hunters shoot them, without having dismantled, that before them the rare, forbidden to the shooting bird. Frequently loudly they shout with splashdown. Voice - characteristic goose cackle, short, [khriplovatyy] and sharp. Sometimes they hiss. It is very sociable between themselves, but they are held separately from other geese and weft. Flight is rapid and is strong; wonderfully they float and dive (and adult, and nestlings). Easily they tame themselves ([Syroechkovskiy], [Rogacheva], 1995).
Earlier in the south average Siberia red-breasted goose they did not note. However, the flying iies of these birds were increased in frequency from the end 1960- X of years. In 1968, 1975, 1980, 1982, 1986, 1993 and 1995 yr. in the autumn period of these barnacle geese they recorded in The [shirinskiy] region Of [khakasii] ([Rogacheva], of 1988; Prokofiev, [Kustov], 1988; [Emelyanov] and other, 1994) and to central [Tuve] (Savchenko and other, 1997). In spring 1997 g. several birds noted on The [lebedevskom] to pond in the pond r. [Amyla] ([A].[N]. Of [repin] - it was oral. it is reported.). In the Kansk basin separate copies and the group of barnacle geese were observed on the spring and autumnal flights along the rivers Kahn and [Usolka]. In September 1990 even 1994 yr. several red-breasted geese saw in the regions Lake. [Ulyukol], [Taray] and on The [noshinskom] to pond. The small number of birds migrates on the Angara River, then the barnacle geese, that fly by this method, they cross into the pond of underground Tungus ([Martynov], of 1990; [Emelyanov] and other, 1996; [Syroechkovskiy] and other, 2000). It is probable that by this transient route fly the individuals, who winter in China ([Martynov], 1984; 1990). The most important transient ways of red-breasted goose have western and southwestern orientation and lie out of the territory of edge ([Krivenko], 1983). Some birds are sometimes slanted south and are encountered on r. the Yenisey in the limits of average taiga ([Rogacheva] and others, 1988). The winterings of red-breasted geese in the Azerbaijan steppes lost their value as a result of improvement at the beginning 1970- X of years ([Isakov], 1974). Now the basic places of their winter stay are located in Bulgaria and in Rumania ([Syroechkovskiy] ml, 1995). On the boundary 1970-1980- X of years the small number of birds began to winter in China in the pond r. of yangtze ([M], 1989). Places of inhabiting. In the limits of edge the red-breasted goose populates the subzone of moss-lichen tundras. The penetration of these birds into the southern tundra and the forest-tundra transition area at present is observed, from where they disappeared in the past. Jack biotopes - driest and elevated sections of tundra with the well developed drainage network or lakes and islands ([Krechmar], 1966), and also sections on the polygonal swamps ([I].[N]. Pospelov, is personal. [soobshch].). The places of moult usually are arranged on the reservoirs not far from [gnezdoviy] ([Krivenko], 1983). Phenology. Spring flight on r. to the Yenisey is expressed weakly. Noted in the ponds of rivers Kahn, [Usolka] the small groups of barnacle geese fly at the beginning of the third decade period of May. In the Angar River, underground Tungus and the central-taiga Yenisey the birds of this form were considered at the beginning of June. In the south of edge in [Priangare] they adhere to large lakes with the open shores, floods and wide reaches on the rivers. At the nesting places the red-breasted geese appear by at the end first - in the second decade period of June and almost immediately they approach the nesting ([Krechmar], 1966). [Segoletki] rise to the wing in the second-half of August, the moult of adult and unmarried birds at this time concludes. Autumnal migratory motions are noted already at the end August. Mass flying away occurs in the middle of September, and last barnacle geese leave jack region toward the end month. The small number of these geese appears in the pond the hangars, where they record them in the second-half of September. The rare encounters of birds in the Minusinsk basin relate toward the end September - to beginning of October, when passes the most mass migration of [gumennika] and flies [belolobyy] goose ([Syroechkovskiy] and other, 2000).
Number prior to the beginning 1970- X of years steadily was decreased and reached the minimum (13,0-15,0 thousand individuals) to 1974-1975 yr. (Vinokurs, 1977; [Chupin], 1995). Subsequently, in connection with the general protection of these birds, began a gradual increase in their number: in 1978. the resources of form in the limits of Taimyr only reached 20,0 thousand birds ([Krivenko] and others, 1982). In 1980- X years the total autumnal number of red-breasted goose was evaluated at 35,0 thousand individuals (Vinokurov, 1990). According to the results of winter calculations 1992-1993 yr., the general livestock of form was evaluated into 78,0 thousand individuals ([Syroechkovskiy] ml, 1995). In the 1990's years was observed also the expansion of reproductive area ([Kokorev] and others, 1990). In the places of nesting the greatest number of barnacle goose is characteristic of the pond of the average flow r. Of [pyasina] and of the reservoirs of central Taimyr (density of population - 7,7-43,0 individuals on 10 km) ([Krivenko], 1983; [Chupin], 1995). The number of these geese on the flight on r. to the Yenisey is insignificant. According to The [usolke] rivers and Kahn in spring are noted the groups of 3-5 of these birds. On the Angara River in the autumn period they considered from 5 to 80 birds of this form ([Emelyanov] and others, 1996). In the southern part of the edge and in [Khakasii] on the autumnal flight sometimes are noted the groups to 20 birds (Lake. Bitter, 1995 g.). As a whole, through [Priangare] and Minusinsk basin in the autumn period flies not more than 150 birds ([Emelyanov], 1999).
Limiting factors. To the state of the populations of red-breasted goose exerts influence a whole series of the factors both of natural, natural and anthropogenic nature. From the first group the negative role of the rapaciousness of polar foxes in the years of the depression of lemmings is most essential. The very significant loss of population is inflicted in the years with the late cold or hot, but arid summer, when the portion of the being multiplied part of the birds does not exceed 4%. In a drop in the number was indirectly reflected also the decrease of the number of those being nesting Sokolov -[sapsanov] and polar owls ([Syroechkovskiy], [Rogacheva] and other, 1995). From the anthropogenic factors besides the poaching hunting and the uneasiness in the places of nesting, the flight and the winterings the specific harm is brought by the dogs of hunters, fishermen, workers of the expeditions, which destroy eggs and taking out of barnacle geese. One of the essential reasons for a reduction in the number was until recently the capture of barnacle geese for the zoos (Baranov, 1988; [Syroechkovskiy], [Rogacheva] and other, 1995). Negatively affected the number change of traditional winterings and the deep anthropogenic conversions at the places of the stoppages of the migrating birds, especially in the steppe and forest-steppe zones ([Syroechkovskiy] and other, 2000). |
![Adult bird (Fig. [V].[V]. Of [bakhtina])](img/img_rur1.gif)
Propagation. Red-breasted goose - relict [palearkticheskiy] form, [endemik] of Russia. The area of barnacle goose is located on Taimyr, [Gydane] and Yamal, in essence in the subzone of typical tundras ([Krivenko], 1983; [Krechmar], 1966; [Zyryanov], [Kokorev], 1983; [Martynov], 1984; Baranov, 1988). In the territory of Krasnoyarskiy Kray in the contemporary boundaries it is encountered in the periods of seasonal migrations ([Martynov], of 1984; [Emelyanov], Savchenko, 1995). Multiplying region in the region stretches from r. of the Yenisey and Yenisey molded edge to the east to the Khatanga molded edge and pond r. Of [popigay], occupying the territory of North- Siberian lowland over the area of 250 thousand sq. km. ([Rogacheva], 1988; [Syroechkovskiy], [Rogacheva] and other, 1995; [Krivenko], Vinokurs, 1984; [Yakushkin] and other, 1968; [Syroechkovskiy] ml, 1995; [Chupin], 1995; [Yakushkin], 1983; [Ptushenko], 1952). West of the mouth r. of the Yenisey barnacle goose is found in the northeastern part Of [gydana] in the ponds of the rivers Of [gyda] and [Esyayakha] (ropes ends, 1982). The optimum of the area of form (nesting place, Linnik) is located in the western part the optimum of the area of form (nesting place, Linnik)![Downy nestling and young bird (Fig. [V].[V]. Of [bakhtin])](img/img_rur2.gif)
Multiplication. They settle by small colonies on 4-8 pairs (sometimes to 24), single nesting sufficiently rarely is encountered. The important distinctive special feature of the arrangement of settlements is their confinement to the nesting places of predatory birds ([sapsana], polar owl, [zimnyaka], seagulls) ([Yakushkin], 1983), and also silvery seagulls, burgomasters, the [vilokhvostykh] seagulls and polar Kracek. Are interesting also the cases (observing yearly) of nesting on the cliffs in the canyons of rivers in The [byrranga] mountains, under the protection of [sapsanov] and [zimnyakov] ([I].[N]. Pospelov, it is personal. [soobshch].). This cohabitation contributes to the safety of colony from the destruction by ground-based predators - polar foxes, which the falcons and seagulls always drive off from their nests ([Yakushkin], 1983). Laying consists of 2-8 (in average 5,5) whitish with the green nuance eggs. Hatch female, period of incubation - 25 days. Hatching nestlings begins from the middle of July. Average size of taking out - 4,6 nestlings, maximum - 13. Mortality can reach 30-33% ([Zyryanov], [Kokorev], 1983). Usually in the multiplication participates by 36-38% of adult birds ([Syroechkovskiy] and other, 2000).![Female on the nest (photo: [I].[N]. Pospelov)](photo/ph_rur1.jpg)
![Female on the nest (photo: [I].[N]. Pospelov)](photo/ph_rur2.jpg)
![Taking out of downy nestlings (photo: [I].[N]. Pospelov)](photo/ph_rur3.jpg)
![Taking out of young birds (photo: [I].[N]. Pospelov)](photo/ph_rur4.jpg)
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