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Family duck Of anatidae |
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Small swan, Cygnus of bewickii Of yarrell, 1830 Name of view of other languages
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Field signs. It is very similar to [klikuna], but it is somewhat smaller (mass of 5-6 kgf). Under the field conditions to distinguish it of [klikuna] is difficult. It also holds neck vertically, but it in it is thicker and therefore it seems shorter. The boundary of yellow and black colors on the beak goes the right angle to the plane of the beak, but not under the sharp as in [klikuna]. Yellow on the beak is developed less than in the latter, and it is located in the form two spots in the base of the beak, which do not reach the nostrils. In spring [tundryanye] swans always fly much more lately than [klikuny]. It is extremely careful on the flight, but at the places of [gnezdoviy] they less fear man, allowing to approach his meters per 300. Voice is clearer and sharper than in [klikuna], and it does not have tube sounds. It sounds as joint tongue, [bung] . In the flock of bird they make noise, being discussed by characteristic hooting Hooke- Hooke or to [kurru] ([Syroechkovskiy], [Rogacheva], 1995).
Two population groups of the small swan are separated in the territory of Krasnoyarskiy Kray: [gydano]-Minusinsk-Mongolian- Chinese ([gydanskaya]) and Taimyr-Angaro-Baykalo- Chinese (Taimyr) ([Syroechkovskiy] and other, 2000). a. [Gydano]-Minusinsk-Mongolian- Chinese group. The large part of these birds, probably, nests beyond the limits of the edge in the territory of Tyumen' Oblast ([Krivenko], of 1985; [Kalyakin], spurges, 1990). Until recently there was no clarity, where by what ways fly to the winterings back these birds. In the publications there was information about the encounters of this swan in north and central-taiga Yenisey and in the upper reaches r. Of [turukhana], where it was rare transient bird ([Rogacheva] and others, 1978; 1987; [Shaparev], 1997). Stable flight have noted we on average [Symu], there is a number of facts of the appearance of swans in the pond r. To [keti]. West of the migration of this form they are noted only in the lower Ob' ([Braude], 1987). In South Siberia small swan - regular migrant, moreover and in the first half of the present century it was encountered here more frequently than in the European part of Russia ([Tugarinov], of 1935; [Ptushenko], 1952). In upper [Obi]'s pond it is registered on the spring flight on r. To [chulyshmanu], in the Kuznetsk basin ([Ptushenko], 1952; [Shchadilov], 1982). For the south of Yenisey Siberia in the publications of the beginning [KHKH] of century small swan was given as usual view of spring flight under Krasnoyarsk, in the Minusinsk basin ([Tugarinov], [Buturlin], by 1911; [Sushkin], 1914; [Ptushenko], 1952). Later literature data testified that the tundra swan is the extremely rare or already [ischeznuvshiy] transient form Of [khakasii] (Prokofiev, of 1983; 1987; Prokofiev, [Kustov], 1988). In 1970-1980- X years these birds sometimes were encountered in the transient flocks of [klikuna] on the reservoirs in Western [Sayane] and on the upper Yenisey (Sokolov and others, 1983; Petrov, [Rudkovskiy], 1985; [Syroechkovskiy], [Bezborodov], 1987). Contemporary data testify that in the ponds of the upper Yenisey and upper [Chulym] lies one of the largest transient ways of small swan in entire internal Asia and central Siberia ([Emelyanov], 1988; Savchenko, [Emelyanov], 1991; 1994; [Emelyanov] and other, 1995). In The [nazarovskaya] basin of small swans they noted on The [kandatskom] reservoir, on the reservoirs Of [uzhurskoy] group (lakes white, large and small [Kosogole]), in the floodlands r. Of [serezh] and r. Of [chulyma]. On the north of [Chulymo]- Yenisey basin these birds regularly were recorded in The [salbat] lakes and [Intikol]. Beyond the limits of edge, in immediate proximity from its boundaries, large [prisady] of small swans are located on the reservoirs of northern and southern [Khakasii]. In the Southern- Minusinsk basin, in the environments Lake. [Ulug]- if, is in spring formed the accumulation of the small swan large in continental Asia (it is 5th 6% of the world's supplies of form) (by Savchenko, [Emelyanov], 1991; [Emelyanov] and other, 1995; [Emelyanov], Savchenko, 1996; Savchenko, 1996). Nonstop, transit flight more frequently is observed on the right bank of Southern- Minusinsk basin. Western [Sayan] swans pass without the stoppages: in autumn - in the southeastern direction, in spring - in the North Western. The logical continuation of this transient way are the reservoirs of the Central- Tuva, basins, and also of the lake of the basin of large lakes and valley of lakes in the Mongolia (Kozlov, 1930; [Dash], 1979). b. Taimyr-Angaro-Baykalo- Chinese group. In Taimyr tundra swan is extended, mainly, in the lakes in the swampy locality of the pond r. Of [pyasiny], in the limits of the subzones of typical and bushy tundras ([Krechmar], of 1966; [Kuksov], Pavlov, 1968[zh] Of [rogacheva], 1988[zh] Is [syroechkovskiy], [Rogacheva], 1995). The area of its area in Taimyr composes approximately 200-250 thousand [km]2 (Pavlov and others, 1983) and, apparently, at present is decreased. On the migrations of the birds of this group it is known small. At the beginning [KHKH] v., in autumn, small swan in a significant quantity migrated on the Angara River to Baykal ([Tugarinov], [Buturlin], 1911; [Sushkin], 1914; 1938). The part of the birds flew to the south and was noted under g. by Krasnoyarsk. In October this swan was encountered in the pond r. of polygon ([Tugarinov], of 1935; [Shukhov], 1925). At present small swan - rare transient bird of Krasnoyarsk [Priangarya]. Are most regular the encounters of small groups on the Angara River in the section Of [kezhemskogo] [mnogoostrovya], in the pond of the average flow r. Of [usolki] (lakes Of [taray], [Ulyukol], [Noshinskiy] pond. The weak flight of this swan goes also on The [taseevie] rivers, [Biryuse] and [Chune] ([Emelyanov] and other, 1996). Places of inhabiting. Small swan - typical inhabitant of tundra zone. Optimum conditions of the inhabiting of form - moss-lichen and bushy tundra. In the jack time of bird prefer the systems of lakes in the swampy plains tundra and delta complexes in the lower reaches of the river of rivers ([Krivenko], 1985; [Syroechkovskiy], [Rogacheva], 1995). Cygnus, which dwell on The [gydanskie] and [Tazovskie] peninsulas, are most numerous on the lake- marshy complexes of interfluves ([Kalyakin], spurges, 1990). On the flight, in the taiga zone, the birds stop in the lakes of watersheds, it is much thinner frequent - on the river valleys ([Syroechkovskiy], [Rogacheva], 1995). In the southern part of the edge the swans of [gydanskoy] group adhere to the open, predominantly mineralized lake reservoirs. The encounters of these birds on the floods in the floodlands of rivers are sufficiently rare. The small swans, that relate to the Taimyr group, were observed in the lakes of Kansk basin, and also in the shoals on the islands on the average Angar, on the artificial reservoirs or on the floods in the floodlands of the rivers Of [usolki], Kahn and [Biryusy] ([Emelyanov] and others, 1996). Phenology. In spring small swans appear in the first half of April. They most frequently record them in the shoals of upper backwater of Krasnoyarsk reservoir or with the temporary reservoirs in the Minusinsk steppe. Within the same periods the swans appear in the lakes of the south Of [khakasii]. Within the limits of region the swans are 30-40 days, flying away then to the places of nesting. The intensive flying away of birds is passed to the second decade period of May. The autumnal migrations of small swan flow in the period from September 20 to October 10. In the places of nesting bird they arrive flying most frequently by pairs or by small flocks, usually at the end May - beginning of June ([Krechmar], 1966). To the middle of September the young and participating in the moult adult become to the wing. Fly away from the places of nesting small swans in the second-half of September, at the beginning of October ([Syroechkovskiy] and other, 2000). Multiplication. In nesting both partners participate. Laying of 2-4, rarely 5-6 eggs hatches female (55,6-78,8% of time of hatching), participation in the hatching of male is limited to 20,0-44,4% of time ([Krechmar], Kondratyev, 1986). The protection of nest is carried out both partners. Nestlings appear in the middle- end of July. Average dimensionality of taking out in birds from different sections of area - 2,1-3,6 individuals. In the [gydanskoy] group migrating through the southern regions of the edge of birds this index above composes 3,6-4,1 [segoletka] (data of 1986-1999 yr.). In the years with the favorable conditions in the multiplication participates to 72,3% of adult birds to 90% of those nesting successfully they, in turn, derive nestlings. In the unfavorable years to 45% of territorial pairs it occurs without posterity ([Krivenko], 1985). Nourishment. Aqueous and ground-based grassy plants. It sometimes eats up the small fishes ([Syroechkovskiy], [Rogacheva], 1995). The number of birds, that populate the Taimyr part of the area, at the end 1970- X and in the first half 1980- X of years catastrophically decreased ([Martynov], 1983; Pavlov and other, 1983; [Zyryanov], Pavlov, 1984; Vinokurs, 1987; [Dorogov] and other, 1988). As a whole for the Krasnoyarskiy Kray, taking into account the group, which populates the eastern sector Of the [gydanskogo] peninsula, a quantity of birds of this form was evaluated at 1 thousand individuals ([Rogacheva], 1988; [Martynov], 1983). At present the total number of small swan in Taimyr (data of the beginning of the 1990's years) composes 400 individuals ([Syroechkovskiy], [Rogacheva], 1995). The density of the population of birds in the places of inhabiting (r. Of [pyasina] and the ponds of its inflows of the rivers Of [agapa], the Pur, [Mokoritto], and also pond r. upper of Taimyr) does not exceed 1-2 birds to 1 thousand [km]2 ([Krivenko], 1985). East, in the interfluve of the rivers Of [anabara] and [Olenka], at the beginning 1980- X of years dwelled not more than 100 individuals of these birds ([Labutin] and others, 1984). On The [gydanskie] and [Tazovskie] peninsulas the number in the 1990's years reached 4 thousand individuals and it continued grow ([Kalyakin], spurges, 1990). During this period on the space from the White Sea to the mouth of the Yenisey dwelled not less than 57,0 thousand small swans, without taking into account the nestlings of the present year ([Kalyakin], of 1993; Morozov, 1996). The number of group, which migrates through the pond r. the upper Yenisey, prior to the beginning 1980- X of years was low (to 1-1,5 thousand birds). Its increase during the subsequent years was outlined: in 1986. the size of group composed 2,5 thousand individuals; in 1991. - it is more than 4 thousand; in 1995. - 5,4 thousand; in 1998-1999 yr. - it is more than 6 thousand birds. In the period from April 15 to May 10 on the water land of the steppe and forest-steppe zones of region is formed the unique zone of accumulation, are here concentrated practically all birds of transient group (on Lake. [Ulug]- if - 2,5-3,4 thousand individuals; in the lakes bel and [Shira] - to 1,2 thousand swans). In the environments to [oz].[Bele], during the transit flight of small swan, in May 1998. are registered 90 flocks by the total number more than 4400 individuals. In the southern part of the edge, in the period from 1990 until 1998 ; the largest accumulations of small swans are registered in the regions of the lakes Of [intikol] (to 200 birds), [Salbat] even larger Of [kosogol] (to 250 birds), [Lebedevskogo] pond (to 150), [Kandatskogo] reservoir (to 200 birds), Lake. [Tagarskoe] (to 100), backwater of Krasnoyarsk reservoir (to 300 individuals). The transient group, which migrates through the pond Angara River, has features of stabilization. As a whole through this sufficiently extensive region flies not more than 300-400 small swans ([Emelyanov] and other, 1996). The winterings of present population groups are located on the reservoirs of Korea, Japan and China, where winter to 30,0 thousand birds is carried out (Morozov, 1996). Possibly, there are some unknown winterings on r. of yangtze and in [Tsaydame] (the center section of China) ([Tugarinov], 1935). Limiting factors. The most important limiting factors are anthropogenic actions, first of all the uneasiness of birds in different periods of life cycle. Other negative factors: the degradation of water localities both in the places of winterings and in the regions of stoppages on the flight; straight destruction and the loss of birds from the application of toxic chemicals. Possibly, by the action of pesticides is explained the low level of the reproduction of birds in Taimyr ([Syroechkovskiy], [Rogacheva], 1995). |
Propagation. Small swan - characteristic inhabitant of the tundras of North- Siberian lowland, Taimyr and [Gydana]. South by places nests also in the forest-tundra transition area ([Stepanyan], 1975; 1990; Ivanov, 1976). At the beginning of the present century small swan in a significant quantity populated The [brekhovskie] islands in the mouth r. of the Yenisey ([Tugarinov], [Buturlin], 1911). The facts of its multiplication are noted in the Noril'sk lakes and in the valley r. of the Yenisey in the zone of forest-tundra transition area ([Syroechkovskiy], by 1961; [Rogacheva] and other, 1983). Is indications of nesting of small swan in the taiga zone on the watershed of the rivers Of [turukhana] and basin ([Skalon], [Sludskiy], 1941), also, in the upper reaches r. Of [syma] ([Syroechkovskiy], [Rogacheva], 1980; 1995; It is formose, 1981). Relatively many these swans dwelled in The [gydanskiy] peninsula (Uspenski, [Kishchinskiy], 1972; [Kalyakin], spurges, 1990). In Taimyr the jack area of form covers the subzones of typical and bushy tundras. East small swan is extended in the ponds r. Of [popigay], r. Of [anabar] and r. Of [olenek] (Vorobyev, 1963). In the territory in question dwells western tundra swan (Cygnus of bewickii of bewickii Of yarrell, 1830), in the eastern part, in all likelihood, is located the zone of [intergradatsii] of western and eastern (Cygnus of bewickii of jankowsky Of alpheraky, 1904) subtypes of small swan ([Tugarinov], of 1935; [Buturlin], [Dementev], 1935; [Ptushenko], 1952; [Kishchinskiy], 1979). The number of scientists consider these subtypes as the large, weakly self-contained populations of form ([Stepanyan], of 1975; 1990; [Krivenko], 1985). [Back] |
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