Field signs. A very large snow-white bird. Weight 7-10 and up to 12 kg. Neck holds upright. Yellow beak with a black end. Kormitsya on the water, but not nyryaet, but submerged in water head and neck. Very carefully bird with excellent eyesight. Voice when navigating - a beautiful, sonorous sound of the trumpet «Ganges» or «gong», in flight - even more sonorous dissyllable «Ganges th». Wrathful bird publishes a squeaky cry like «-Click klikklikklik» or shipit (Syroechkovsky, Rogacheva, 1995).  Distribution. Whooping swan - a rare nesting birds in part, forest-tundra and taiga. Area species in the province covers the entire forest area, including mountain taiga Sayan, prairie, forest and lesotundrovye areas. On the territory of the type distributed very unevenly. Currently, due to human impact the spatial structure of the area of habitat has undergone significant changes (Martin, 1983; Rogacheva, 1988; Syroechkovsky, Rogacheva, 1995). In the middle taiga this swan rare, but the nest regularly, although breeding is sporadichny, especially on the right. The relatively frequent in the summer klikuny found in the river basin. Syma and further to the north. Area high number of whooping swan is the northern taiga left edge in the Turuhanskogo area, the relatively much of its extreme northern taiga, the forest and the western part of the plateau Putorana (Krechmar, 1966; Kozhechkin, 1988; Rogacheva, 1988, 1992). Deserve special protection of birds-Minusinsk Sayan, the Angara-Tungus and eniseyskoy groups.
Yes. Sayano-Minusinsk group. In the publication of the first half of the twentieth century. whooping swan appears as nesting birds of lakes and Sayan Tuva. At the same time the summer on the lakes Minusinsk depression was rare, but quite commonly found in the passage (Tugarinov, Buturlin, 1911; Sushkin, 1914, 1938). Currently, this kind sometimes found in Sayan (Emelyanov, Savchenko, 1988; Kim, 1988). In particular, in 1950 Swans Jacks on the lakes in the valley of the river. Kazyra (Kim, 1991). In the 1980's 2-3 klikunov couple lived in the wild and Suhonakovskih lakes in the basin of the river. Prostrate. There have been isolated cases of birds nesting in the Western Sayan (Gavrilov, 1991). In the steppe intermountain basins Sayano-Altai mountain country residence whooping swan was sporadic. In Minusinsk Basin klikun a rare «wandering» type (Prokofiev, 1987). At the same time in separate lakes Khakassia (Lake Ulug-Kohl, Bele) marks not only stay unmarried individuals, but also a nesting pair (Kutyanina, Baikal, 1996; Prokofiev, bushes, 1997; Syroechkovsky et al, 2000). In all likelihood, nepolovozrelye specimens were on the lakes Tagarskoe (1 specimen in June 1991), Big Kyzykul (2 singles - 11 May 1990), Intikol (5 birds during the summer of 1989 and 3 specimens in the June-August 1997 .) Lebedeva at the pond (Syroechkovsky et al, 2000) (a pair of birds in the July-August 1995). There are no data on the presence of breeding animals klikuna by city Krasnoyarsk and in the river basin. Kana (Valyuh, 1996). Outside the edge of the rare nesting species observed in the waters north and the south-western suburbs Todzhinskoy depression, Tere-Holskoy Belinsky and hollows, as well as some lake complexes Ridge Academy Obrucheva (Baranov, 1991). Quite common klikun on lakes Ubsu-Nurskoy depression and Mongolia (Savchenko, 1983; Zabelin, Arakchaa, 1991). The Spring and Autumn overflights this type still found in lakes Hadyn, Chagytay, fly-Hol, Azas, Noyon-Hol (Zabelin, Arakchaa, 1991). b.. Angara-tungusskaya group. In the river basin. Angara whooping swan nesting rare and span appearance (Gagina, 1961; Reymers, 1966; Syroechkovsky, Rogacheva, 1995). In the early 1960's breeding birds observed in the watershed in the upper lakes and rivers Heaters Gorbilki (Syroechkovsky et al, 1978). Currently, the Krasnoyarsk Priangare fragmented dwelling whooping swan in a pool of Middle Angara (marsh area right tributary watersheds and multi-channel stations). In particular, in the vicinity of the Islands Pahotny summer 1988 has registered 8 swans. According to Angara, below the mouth of the river. Taseeva (about-to Pogromny), 25-26 July 1988 saw 13 apparently nepolovozrelyh, birds. In the 1989-1991 biennium. 2-3 regular nesting pairs observed in the river. Tamysh (Irkineeva R.). In summer the river. Chadobets known specimens of individual couples from the village Yurohta and the Far lakes, where it may be nesting (Emelyanov, Savchenko, 1996). Within Kezhemskogo mnogoostrovya on a regular basis, there are single individuals and small groups not involved in breeding birds. However, nesting klikuna is not found (Emelyanov and others, 1996). into. Eniseyskaya group. One of the best preserved groups of species. The most important area - deep northern taiga left Yenisei. On the right klikun nest, probably everywhere on Putorana suitable reservoirs and lakes in the region of Norilsk (Krechmar, 1966). On the river. Yenisei found to the north and 70 ° north latitude, but the nesting proved only to the vicinity of Ust-Hantayki. Along the river bed. Yenisei nesting klikuna podzonah in the southern and middle taiga little left in the northern taiga, these birds are also rare. In the western part of the river basin. Turuhana and in the vicinity of Soviet Lakes is raising the number of klikuna. In the middle taiga, especially in its northern part, particularly a lot of swans (the upper river. Taza, pool Eloguya); they are now rare, but still nest regularly. In the basin of the river. Syma klikun also rare and most often mentioned in the pripoymennyh lakes. More regularly, his presence is characteristic of middle and upper parts of the river floodplains and tributaries Syma. North to nesting swans observed in the middle district. Stone Dubches in the lower reaches of the river. Top Lebyazhka, on average, over the river. Lower Lebedyanka, split lakes, the o-ve Komsinskom (Shaparev, 1997). Currently, a fairly common klikuny downstream Turuhana, Angutihi and lakes in between the river. Lower Baiha and river. Yenisei (Syroechkovsky et al, 2000). In the deep boreal forest habitats left Turuhanskogo area nesting swans of the type mentioned in the swamps of Rivers Watershed Dubches - Sigovaya - Altus, as well as the waters of the watershed of rivers and Turuhana Most Heta (Zabelin, 1996). Habitats. In connection with the prosecution of a man klikun breeds almost exclusively on deaf watershed waters, mainly on large open lakes with thickets of vegetation drive, not visited by fishermen, rarely at kormnyh flood waters. Where the swans did not have, they can nest and the small area of floodplain lakes. In 1965, in the upper river. Taza neletnye vyvodki klikunov met as a small staritsah or at the very river that took the entire width of 20-30 meters (Syroechkovsky, Rogacheva, 1995). Phenology. Spring migration of the whooping swan begins very early: in Mongolia and the southern Altai - in March, in Tuva and Khakassia - early in the second decade of April, the Angara river, Syme, srednetaezhnom Enisee - at the end of April. Stable passage of spring runs in the short term, and covers the south region of the second-third decade of April, at srednetaezhnom Yenisey and Angara Central - the third decade of April and early May. autumn migratory movement begins most often in September. At the same time from their breeding vyvodki leave as early as August, the shift to traditional clusters. Significant concentrations of these birds are on the Yenisey (Turuhano-Angutihinskaya floodplain, Vorogovskoe mnogoostrove). In the southern region of autumn passage klikuna expressed weakly. In the autumn here to register between 100 and 200 birds (oz. Bele, the tract «Trehozerki»). Continued passage of these birds in late autumn - in the mid-to late October. Wintering birds designated groups are not clear. Presumably eniseyskoy groups migrating swans in the south-west and winter in the Caspian Sea basin, where the largest concentration of wintering species (Shaparev, 1997). Birds Sayano-Minusinsk groups to fly to the south and south-west, possibly at Lake Central Asia (Issyk-Kul), or to India. Particularly, representing the Angara-tungusskuyu group would probably tend to south-easterly direction and fly to wintering grounds in China (Emelyanov, Savchenko, 1996). Reproduction. Vapors from klikunov permanent. A large nest of branches, moss, reeds built on a dry place, sometimes in shallow water. Nasizhivaet female, but the male is always kept nearby. Masonry of 4-6 large egg white or greyish-yellow. Nasizhivanie continues 30-40 days. Hatching chicks from klikunov Sayano-Minusinsk groups probably occur in mid-June (Baranov, 1991). At Norilsk lakes emergence of chicks recorded in mid-July (Krechmar, 1966). At the district. Syme (eniseyskaya group) vyvodki consisting of puhovikov highlights in the first decade of July. In the upper river. Taza in late August 1965 chicks had not yet begun podletyvat. Much of fingerlings Sayano-Minusinsk group rises to the wing by the middle of - the end of August. At the district. Syme podletkov sometimes found in early September (Syroechkovsky et al, 2000). Nutrition. Adults swans feed on aquatic plants and invertebrates, the young - only invertebrates (Syroechkovsky, Rogacheva, 1995). Number. The number of low everywhere in the province. Most swans in two areas: in lesotundrovom and northern taiga left Yenisei, as well as in the upper right tributary of Lower Tunguska and the surrounding large lakes of North Evenkia. In the north-western district population density klikuna varied from 0.01 to 0.25 individuals per km 2 (Kozhechkin, 1988). In the middle taiga klikunov nest is extremely small (only a few sites maloposeschaemyh their number is high enough): in the river basin. Syma it was 0,05-0,30 species per km 2. Spring immediately after their arrival in the river significantly higher -- 0,3-0,4 specimens at 10 km channel. At lakes in the floodplain district. Syma and Watersheds this swan found more frequently. In the southern taiga left and south, in the forest and steppe, swans have little nest. The number of the Angara-Tungus group is also very low and does not exceed 150-200 individuals. The total number of Sayano-Minusinsk groups klikuna estimated at 250-300 individuals (Emelyanov, Savchenko, 1996), of which the province is concentrated 15-30%. The number of whooping swan in srednetaezhnom left evaluated, including scattered nest couple living on the river. Kasu, the watershed between the river swamps Syma, Tyma, Eloguya, Keti and Casa, in 1,0-1,5 thousand copies. In Turuhanskom area (1990's) the total number of swans was estimated at 200-250 pairs. Overall, the Krasnoyarsk region (excluding Taimyr, Evenkia and Khakassia), is currently home to more than 3.5 thousand these birds (Syroechkovsky et al, 2000). Limiting factors. The main limiting factors in reducing the number of klikuna should be considered a direct extermination of birds for meat, skins, Pooh and feathers, especially in times of molts and the passage. In southern Siberia Prieniseyskoy the most significant impacts caused by a factor of concern, as well as destruction of habitat of the species in the field of stops on the passage, and in the field wintering (Syroechkovsky et al, 2000). 
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