Field signs. It is very rare, almost no exploration and mysterious bird. All the details about it are of great interest to scientists. Much less gray crane (weight 3,3-3,5 kg, the magnitude of the wings - about 165 cm). The overall coloring is black, head and neck white, red crown. Klyuv greenish, black legs. Eyes of carmine red. The flight, like a gray crane. Less careful than the gray crane. Young black cranes from afar seem gray (Syroechkovsky, Rogacheva, 1980).  Distribution. Rare, poorly known species, endemic in Eastern Siberia. Gnezdovoy area mozaichen (Rogacheva, 1988). There are currently shown nesting in the following areas of Siberia and the Far East: in the basin average Vilyuya (Andreev, 1974, 1976); on the middle and lower Amur (Flint, 1983); to Olekmo-Charskom Highlands (Vorob'ev, 1963); on the river. Bikin in the Primorye (Pukinsky, 1978). Probably nesting in the upper Lower Tunguska, its tributary river. Nepy and the river. Chone (Tarasov, 1965). In the past century, black crane, may nest on the marshes Minusinsk depression - as well as the south western region of Tomsk in Siberia (Detroit, 1921; Ioganzen, 1907). In the Central Siberia 28 Oct, 1912 black crane was produced in the western part of Minusinskogo county, the mine "Julia" (district left tributaries Chulyma), and handed over to AJ Tugarinovu (1913). Since then, details of meetings and nesting black crane on the south edge was not. It is therefore particularly interesting data M. Prokofiev (1987) on the meetings, and possibly nesting (or try zagnezditsya), this rare bird in Minusinsk Basin: He warned many times seen a black crane at the spring and autumn passage Shirinskoy Iyusskoy steppe and forest. There were summer meeting. In late May 1978 two birds with two gray crane met at Podzaplotskih swamps. 20 Aug, 1978 SM Prokofiev (1987) saw four black cranes of floodplain meadow at the lake. Sarhat. In 1979, in the steppes Shirinskoy 4 specimens met all summer on a large swamp in the southwestern part of the Black Lake, among them two crane was young, not yet umevshie fly. This is an extremely interesting information indicating the probable nesting. According to a survey of local residents, black cranes met at that swamp in the 1976-1978 biennium. In 1980 he became drain the swamp, and cranes disappeared with him, although in early May once again were met by flying (Rogacheva, 1988). In the same ground black crane received in 1999 by members of the department of zoology Krasnoyarsk peduniversiteta.
In the taiga part of the province and neighboring areas known following the meeting. 19 Jun, 1920, one bird found in the stae gray cranes on the Yenisey in 1921, black crane was produced on the river. Ket, near the borders edge (Detroit, 1921; Ioganzen, 1907). In 1966, BN Andreev (1974, 1976) found nesting black crane in the upper Vilyuya to the middle district. Posporin (almost 66 ° N). He also found that the crane Not rare for nesting across the upper Vilyuyu, and according to poll residents of Village. Ekonda in Evenkia, black cranes are related to the field Vilyuem Lower Tunguska basin, the river. Kochechum and even on the river. Olenek, ie in the Arctic. In charges AL Chekanovskogo (1873-1874 biennium.) Is a copy of the black crane from the Lower Tunguska, now stored in the collection of the Zoological Institute, USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1963, our party expedition YA Simukov said they found the black box on the shore of Crane Lake. Vivi in Evenkia. This message needs to be further verified. In neighboring Evenkia Katangskom region of Irkutsk region black crane met in 1961 in the upper river. Nepy (inflow Lower Tunguska), according to information received from the Evenki, the crane nest in large hard-moss bogs in the basin of the river. Nepy and Marhay tract on the river. Chone, the flow of Vilyuya (Tarasov, 1965). Thus, probably nesting black crane in the interior of Evenkia East. Do not involved in breeding the birds wander and clustered outside the range. In the Tuva known isolated cases of meetings of black crane. 28.05.1946 city has produced a bird in the valley of the river. TEN-Hem (Yanushevich, 1952). 28.04.1981 city pair of cranes were observed in the region of north-eastern coast of Lake. Ubsu-Nur; 20.05.1983 city pair kept to the lake. Hadyn (Savchenko et al, 1986). In June 1976, a pair of cranes was noted at the river spills. Sagly; 30.05.1988 city of one crane was in the stae of the seven krasavok (Baranov, 1991). The black cranes in Tuva occur mainly on flying in spring, less often - in autumn, on the possible nesting near Lake. Kendeky-Kul, in the Western Tannu-Ola, on the right Ham-cheese, in an area lake. Tere-Hol (Kyzylsky kozhuun), as well as in the upper river Cargo and Balyktyg_hem not checked (Putintsev et al, 2002). The main wintering: Japan (the island of Kyushu and Honshu), the western part of Korea, the downstream river. Yangtze in China, India.  Habitats. Biotopes typical black crane are swamped woodland larch forests in the watershed uvalov downturn in the marshes of two types: the developed sphagnum-kassandrovymi and more raw lowland. Bogs latter type are plesami with clean water. The shores of them are usually covered with thickets pushits and various sedge (Syroechkovsky et al, 2000).
Phenology. Priletaet black crane in Shirinskuyu steppe in the second decade of April, Achinskuyu forest - in the third decade of this month (Syroechkovsky et al, 2000). Otlet begins in the second and ends in the third decade of September (Prokofiev, 1988, 1993). Reproduction. The black cranes satisfied redkostoynyh nests in the forest or wetland slash areas near the moss bogs and used as vygulnye low-lying areas, where they appear already to vyvodkami. Extremely devoted to the black cranes in the breeding of larch deaf moss maryam middle and southern part of taiga, nizkogoryam appears, and makes emergency spotting it. The landscape of Marei submitted to depression and intermountain down in the zone of permafrost development of certain parts of Eastern Siberia (Flint, 1987). Puberty black cranes reached the age of 3-4 years. Masonry consists of two greenish-brown with dark spots and large spot eggs. The family kept at the cluster site until mid-August (Syroechkovsky et al, 2000). Nutrition. Gladly eat berries red bilberry, and especially blueberries. Appear to eat Siberian Salamander (Syroechkovsky, Rogacheva, 1980).  Number. The current strength of the black crane in Russia is estimated accounting for wintering birds in Japan: in 1980 it was 3889 individuals, in 1981 - 4200, 1983 - 7098 individuals (Flint, 1987). For the Krasnoyarsk region and Khakassia number of birds is unknown, perhaps it does not exceed 50-200 animals. Spring Lake White, Big Kosogol in the 1993-1995 biennium. It was noted staying 2-3 black cranes, in August 1991 from the lake. Salbat was included three birds that are fed together with belladonna. When aviaobsledovanii territory Prieniseyskoy Siberia by the staff of the department of Wildlife resursovedeniya and reserve affairs KSU in 1985, near Lake. Black (North Khakassia) was more than 70 black cranes, in 1989, are also kept 15 individuals, among whom there were young birds (Syroechkovsky et al, 2000).
Limiting factors are, above all, low reproductive capacity and limitations of the habitat types. The black cranes are very careful, silent and nearly invisible in the field of nesting and at the same time are the exclusive credulity to wintering. Adversely affect poacher African mining birds during the passage and wintering in South-East Asian Nations (Syroechkovsky et al, 2000). Measures of protection. In the Red Book of Russian Federation, Krasnoyarsk region, Kemerovo and Irkutsk regions, the Republic of Altai, Khakassia and Tyva, in the IUCN Red List, Annex I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora of threatened species (CITES) , List of Russian-Indian convention on the protection of migratory birds (1984). Taking black crane and the destruction of its habitat in Russia is prohibited. Initiated the creation of a genetic bank and volernogo breeding in the nursery of rare cranes in Okskom Reserve. In Japan, wintering under strict protection, and even arranged their feeding. Worst case for wintering in China, but here are working on the creation of protected areas. Some places to stop flying remain at Prairie Preserve sites «Khakas». Urgently needed education projected reserves in the area Batanakovskih marshes. Aktualna wide publicity among hunters and local people need to save this endemic and rare species. References. |
